Spin to photon transducer

1. A device comprising:

at least one semiconducting layer;

one or more conducting layers configured to define at least two quantum states in the at least one semiconducting layer and confine an electron in one or more of the at least two quantum states;

a magnetic field source configured to generate an inhomogeneous magnetic field, wherein the inhomogeneous magnetic field causes a first coupling of an electric charge state of the electron and a spin state of the electron; and

a resonator configured to confine a photon, wherein an electric-dipole interaction causes a second coupling of an electric charge state of the electron to an electric field of the photon.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photon is coupled to the spin state of the electron based on the first coupling and the second coupling.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein adjusting one or more of a field strength or an angle of an external magnetic field applied to one or more of the resonator or the at least one semiconducting layer causes coupling of the spin state to the photon.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the resonator is coupled to a structure configured to confine an additional electron, wherein the structure is in a material stack separate from a material stack comprising the electron, wherein the photon mediates coupling of a spin state of the electron and a spin state of the additional electron.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one semiconducting layer comprises an isotopically enriched material.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more conducting layers comprises a layer electrically coupled to the resonator.

7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the layer electrically coupled to the resonator comprises a split-gate layer comprising a first gate and a second gate separated from the first gate by a gap.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field source is tilted such that a long axis of the magnetic field source is angled relative to an axis between the at least two quantum states.

9. A system comprising:

a first structure configured to define at least two first quantum states in a first semiconducting layer and confine a first electron in one or more of the at least two first quantum states, wherein the first structure comprises at least one magnetic field source configured to supply an inhomogeneous magnetic field to the first electron;

a second structure configured to define at least two second quantum states in a second semiconducting layer and confine a second electron in one or more of the at least two second quantum states; and

a resonator disposed adjacent the first structure and the second structure, wherein tuning of an external magnetic field allows for a photon in the resonator to mediate coupling a first spin state of the first electron to a second spin state of the second electron.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the inhomogeneous magnetic field enables a first coupling of an electric charge state of the first electron and a first spin state of the first electron, and wherein an electric-dipole interaction causes a second coupling of an electric charge state of the first electron to an electric field of the photon.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the photon is coupled to the first spin state of the first electron based on the first coupling and the second coupling.

12. The system of claim 9 , wherein adjusting one or more of a field strength or an angle of an external magnetic field applied to one or more of the resonator or the first structure causes coupling of the first spin state to the photon.

13. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first electron is separated from the second electron by a distance in a range of one or more of: about 1 mm to about 5 mm, about 2 mm to about 4 mm, about 3 mm to about 4 mm, about 3 mm to about 4 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, or about 3 mm to about 8 mm.

14. The system of claim 9 , wherein one or more of the first semiconducting layer or the second semiconducting layer comprises a layer electrically coupled to the resonator, wherein the layer electrically coupled to the resonator comprises a split-gate layer comprising a first gate and a second gate separated from the first gate by a gap.

15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one magnetic field source is tilted such that a long axis of the at least one magnetic field source is angled relative to an axis between the at least two first quantum states of the first structure.