Driving waveforms for switchable light-collimating layer including bistable electrophoretic fluid
Methods and controllers for driving a light-collimating film including elongated chambers of bistable electrophoretic fluids. The light-collimating films are suitable to control the amount and/or direction of light incident to a transmissive substrate. Such films may be integrated into devices, such as LCD displays, to provide a zone of privacy for a user viewing the LCD display. Because the light-collimating film is switchable, it allows a user to alter the collimation of the emitted light on demand. Because the films are bistable, they do not require additional power after they have been switched to a display state.
1. A method for driving a switchable light-collimating film,
wherein the switchable light-collimating film includes:
a first light-transmissive electrode layer,
a collimating layer having a thickness of at least 20 μm, and comprising a plurality of sealed elongated chambers, each elongated chamber being equal to or less than the thickness of the collimating layer, each elongated chamber having a width between 5 μm and 150 μm, each elongated chamber having a length between 200 μm and 5 mm, and each elongated chamber having an opening,
a bistable electrophoretic fluid disposed in each elongated chamber, the bistable electrophoretic fluid comprising a non-polar solvent including polymer-functionalized pigment particles and free polymer, wherein the free polymer is selected from polylaurylmethacrylate, polyisobutylene, and copolymers of ethylene, propylene, or styrene,
a sealing layer that spans the opening of each elongated chamber and seals the bistable electrophoretic fluid within the plurality of elongated chambers, and
a second light-transmissive electrode layer, wherein the first and second light transmissive electrode layers are disposed on either side of the collimating layer,
the method comprising applying a time varying voltage between the first and the second light-transmissive electrode layers.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the collimating layer has a thickness of less than 500 μm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first or second light-transmissive electrode layer comprises indium-tin-oxide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time varying voltage includes a first voltage for a first time that has a first polarity and a second voltage for a second time that has a second polarity.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first voltage has a first magnitude, the second voltage has a second magnitude, and the first and second magnitudes are not equal.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first voltage has a first magnitude, the second voltage has a second magnitude, and the first and second magnitudes are not equal.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the product of the first voltage and the first time is a first impulse, the product of the second voltage and the second time is a second impulse, and the first impulse and the second impulse are not equal in magnitude.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the product of the first voltage and the first time is a first impulse, the product of the second voltage and the second time is a second impulse, and the first impulse and the second impulse are equal in magnitude.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the time varying voltage further includes the first voltage for a third time that has the first polarity and the second voltage for a fourth time that has the second polarity.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the elongated chambers are arranged in rows and columns when the collimating layer is viewed from above, wherein the longer dimension of the elongated chambers run along rows, and wherein the rows are separated from each other by at least three times the width of the elongated chambers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the elongated chambers are arranged in rows and columns when the collimating layer is viewed from above, and wherein the adjacent elongated chambers within the same row are separated by a gap of less than 30 μm.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time varying voltage is between 5 V and 150 V in magnitude.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the time varying voltage is between 80 V and 120 V in magnitude.
14. A display incorporating a switchable light-collimating film using the method of claim 1 .
15. A window or door comprising a glass substrate and a switchable light-collimating film using the method of claim 1 .
16. A display comprising:
a light source;
a switchable light-collimating film comprising:
a first light-transmissive electrode layer,
a collimating layer having a thickness of at least 20 μm, and comprising a plurality of sealed elongated chambers, each elongated chamber being equal to or less than the thickness of the collimating layer, each elongated chamber having a width between 5 μm and 150 μm, each elongated chamber having a length between 200 μm and 5 mm, and each elongated chamber having an opening,
a bistable electrophoretic fluid disposed in each elongated chamber, the bistable electrophoretic fluid comprising a non-polar solvent including polymer-functionalized pigment particles and free polymer, wherein the free polymer is selected from polylaurylmethacrylate, polyisobutylene, and copolymers of ethylene, propylene, or styrene,
a sealing layer that spans the opening of each elongated chamber and seals the bistable electrophoretic fluid within the plurality of elongated chambers, and
a second light-transmissive electrode layer, wherein the first and second light transmissive electrode layers are disposed on either side of the collimating layer;
an active matrix of thin film transistors;
a liquid crystal layer;
a color filter array;
a voltage source; and
a controller to provide a voltage impulse between the first and second light-transmissive electrode layers, wherein the voltage impulse causes a change in the effective transmission angle of the display.
17. The display of claim 16 , further comprising a prism film disposed between the light source and the switchable light-collimating film.
18. The display of claim 17 , further comprising a diffusion layer between the prism film and the light source.
19. The display of claim 16 , wherein when the voltage source and controller provide a time varying impulse, the effective transmission angle of the display narrows.