Diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as organic semiconductors
A polymer includes repeating unit(s) of the formula (I). a, b, c, d, e and f are 0, 1, 2, or 3. Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are independently of each other a group of formula (AR1). Ar 2 , Ar 2′ , Ar 3 , Ar 3′ , Ar 4 and Ar 4′ are independently of each other a group of formula (AR2). The polymer is preferably a co-polymer.
1. A polymer comprising repeating unit(s) of the formula (I):
wherein
a, b, c, d, e and f are 0, 1, 2, or 3;
Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are independently of each other a group of formula:
Ar 2 , Ar 2′ , Ar 3 , Ar 3′ , Ar 4 and Ar 4′ are independently of each other a group of formula:
with the proviso that, if Ar2, Ar2′, Ar3, Ar3′, Ar4 or Ar4′ are a group of formula
R 4 and R 4′ are not both hydrogen;
p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and are selected from
hydrogen,
a C 1 -C 25 alkyl group,
an alkenyl group,
an alkynyl group, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
an allyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl,
a cycloalkyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 thioalkoxy, or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, or a cycloalkyl group, which can be condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen,
nitro or cyano,
a cycloalkenyl group,
a ketone or aldehyde group,
an ester group,
a carbamoyl group,
a silyl group,
a siloxanyl group,
Ar 10 , or
—CR 5 R 6 —(CH 2 ) g —Ar 10 ; wherein
R 5 and R 6 are independently from each other
hydrogen,
fluorine,
cyano, or
C 1 -C 4 alkyl, which can be substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine, or phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl,
Ar 10 is aryl or heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, and
g is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
R 3 may be the same or different within one group and is selected from
C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
—CO—R 28 , or
two or more groups R 3 which are in the neighborhood to each other, form a ring;
R 4 , R 4′ , R 7 and R 7′ are independently from each other hydrogen,
C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
—CO—R 28 ; or
R 4 and R 4′ form a ring;
D is —CO—, —COO—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —O—, —NR 25 , —CR 23 ═CR 24 —, or —C≡C—;
E is —OR 29 , —SR 29 , —NR 25 R 26 , —COR 28 , —COOR 27 , —CNR 25 R 26 , —CN, or halogen;
G is
E,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, which may be interrupted by D, or
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D; wherein
R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 are independently of each other hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 27 and R 28 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 29 is
hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl, which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 109 and R 110 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 18 alkenyl,
C 2 -C 18 alkynyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl; or
R 109 and R 110 together form a group of formula ═CR 100 R 101 ; wherein
R 100 and R 101 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl; or C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G; or
R 109 and R 110 together form a five or six membered ring, which is optionally substituted by
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 18 alkenyl,
C 2 -C 18 alkynyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, or
—C(═O)—R 18 ;
R 111 is
hydrogen,
a C 1 -C 25 alkyl group,
a C 4 -C 18 cycloalkyl group,
a C 1 -C 25 alkoxy group, in which one or more carbon atoms which are not in neighborhood to each other could be replaced by —O—, —S—, or —C(═O)—O—, and/or wherein one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by F,
a C 6 -C 24 aryl group, or
a C 6 -C 24 aryloxy group, wherein one or more carbon atoms can be replaced by O, S, or N,
and/or which can be substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups R 111 ;
m can be the same or different at each occurrence and is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
X 1 is a hydrogen atom, or a cyano group
with the proviso that, if Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are a group of formula
a and d are not 0.
2. The polymer according to claim 1 , wherein
R 1 and R 2 are independently from each other
hydrogen;
C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms;
C 5 -C 12 cycloalkyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl and/or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy; or C 5 -C 12 cycloalkyl, which can be condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano; phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl and/or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, or
—CR 5 R 6 —(CH 2 ) g —Ar 10 wherein R 5 and R 6 are each hydrogen, Ar 10 is phenyl or 1- or 2-naphthyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl and/or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, and g is 0 or 1.
3. The polymer according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a co-polymer comprising repeating units of formula:
wherein
A is a repeating unit of formula I,
—COM 1 - is selected from repeating units of formula:
wherein
R 7 and R 7′ are as defined in formula I,
R 44 and R 41 are each hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, and
R 45 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, wherein D and E are as defined in formula I, and
—COM 2 - is a group of formula:
wherein
R 116 and R 117 are independently of each other hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by an oxygen atom, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which can optionally be interrupted by an oxygen atom,
R 119 and R 120 are independently of each other hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, which can optionally be interrupted by an oxygen atom, or
R 119 and R 120 together form a group of formula ═CR 100 R 101 , wherein
R 100 and R 101 are independently of each other hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
R 119 and R 120 together form a five or six membered ring, which optionally can be substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl.
4. The polymer according to claim 3 , wherein the polymer is a co-polymer of formula:
and optionally,
wherein
the order of the unit
and the unit
is arbitrary in the repeating unit (ACOM2), and the order of the unit
and the unit
is arbitrary in the repeating unit (COM12),
is 1,
p is 0 or 1,
r is 0 or 1,
s is 0 or 1,
a molar amount of the repeating unit (ACOM2) is from 0.005 to 1 and a molar amount of the repeating unit (COM12) is from 0.995 to 0, with respect to a total of repeating units included in the polymer.
5. The polymer according to claim 1 , wherein Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are the same and are a group of formula:
and
Ar 2 , Ar 2′ , Ar 3 , Ar 3′ , Ar 4 and Ar 4′ are independently of each other a group of formula:
wherein
p stands for 0, 1, or 2,
R 3 may be the same or different within one group and is selected from C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
R 4 is C 6 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C 6 -C 14 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, C 1 -C 25 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or C 7 -C 15 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G,
D is —CO—, —COO—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —O—, —NR 25 —, wherein R 25 is C 1 -C 12 alkyl,
E is —OR 29 ; —SR 29 ; —NR 25 R 25 ; —COR 28 ; —COOR 27 ; —CONR 25 R 25 ; or —CN, and
G is —OR 29 ; —SR 29 ; —NR 25 R 25 ; —COR 28 ; —COOR 27 ; —CONR 25 R 25 ; —CN, or C 1 -C 18 alkyl, wherein
R 25 , R 27 , R 28 and R 29 are independently of each other C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
6. The polymer according to claim 1 wherein
may be the same or different, and are a group of formula:
wherein
indicates the bond to the diketopyrrolopyrrole skeleton,
R 4 and R 4′ are each C 6 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C 6 -C 14 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, C 1 -C 25 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or C 7 -C 15 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G,
D is —CO—, —COO—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —O—, —NR 25 —, wherein R 25 is C 1 -C 12 alkyl,
E is —OR 29 ; —SR 29 ; —NR 25 R 25 ; —COR 28 ; —COOR 27 ; —CONR 25 R 25 ; or —CN, and
G is —OR 29 ; —SR 29 ; —NR 25 R 25 ; —COR 28 ; —COOR 27 ; —CONR 25 R 25 ; —CN, or C 1 -C 18 alkyl, wherein
R 25 , R 27 , R 28 and R 29 are independently of each other C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
7. The polymer according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises repeating units of the formula:
wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, R 1 , R 2 , Ar 1 , Ar 1′ , Ar 2 , Ar 2′ , Ar 3 , Ar 3′ , Ar 4 and Ar 4′ are as defined in formula I,
h is 1, and
Ar 5 is a group of formula:
wherein R 7 and R 7′ are as defined in formula I.
8. The polymer according to claim 1 , comprising repeating units of the formula:
wherein
R 1 and R 2 are independently from each other C 1 -C 25 alkyl,
R 3 and R 3′ are independently from each other C 6 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms,
R 4 and R 4′ are independently from each other C 6 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, and
R 7 and R 7′ are independently from each other C 6 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms.
9. A semiconductor device, comprising the polymer according to claim 1 .
10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9 , which is a solar cell, comprising in this order:
(a) a cathode,
(b) optionally a transition layer,
(c) a photoactive layer,
(d) optionally a smoothing layer,
(e) an anode,
(f) a substrate, wherein the photoactive layer comprises the polymer.
11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1 , which is a thin film transistor device comprising:
a plurality of electrically conducting gate electrodes disposed on a substrate;
a gate insulator layer disposed on the electrically conducting gate electrodes;
a plurality of sets of electrically conductive source and drain electrodes disposed on the gate insulator layer such that each of the sets is in alignment with each of the gate electrodes;
an organic semiconductor layer disposed in the channel between source and drain electrodes on the gate insulator layer substantially overlapping the gate electrodes; wherein the organic semiconductor layer comprises the polymer, or a mixture containing the polymer.
12. A process for the preparation of an organic semiconductor device according to claim 9 , the process comprising applying a solution and/or dispersion of the polymer in an organic solvent to a substrate and removing the solvent.
13. A monomer of the formula (X):
wherein
a, b, c, d, e and f are 0, 1, 2, or 3;
Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are independently of each other a group of formula:
Ar 2 , Ar 2′ , Ar 3 , Ar 3′ , Ar 4 and Ar 4′ are independently of each other a group of formula:
with the proviso that, if Ar2, Ar2′, Ar3, Ar3′, Ar4 or Ar4′ are a group of formula
R 4 and R 4′ are not both hydrogen;
p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and are selected from
hydrogen,
a C 1 -C 25 alkyl group,
an alkenyl group,
an alkynyl group, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
an allyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl,
a cycloalkyl group, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 thioalkoxy, or C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, or a cycloalkyl group, which can be condensed one or two times by phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen,
nitro or cyano,
a cycloalkenyl group,
a ketone or aldehyde group,
an ester group,
a carbamoyl group,
a silyl group,
a siloxanyl group,
Ar 10 , or
—CR 5 R 6 —(CH 2 ) g —Ar 10 ; wherein
R 5 and R 6 are independently from each other
hydrogen,
fluorine,
cyano, or
C 1 -C 4 alkyl, which can be substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine, or
phenyl, which can be substituted one to three times with C 1 -C 4 alkyl,
Ar 10 is aryl or heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, and
g is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
R 3 may be the same or different within one group and is selected from
C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
—CO—R 28 , or
two or more groups R 3 which are in the neighborhood to each other, form a ring;
R 4 , R 4′ , R 7 and R 7′ are independently from each other hydrogen,
C 1 -C 25 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl, which may optionally be substituted by G,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, which may optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, wherein aryl of the aralkyl may optionally be substituted by G, or
—CO—R 28 ; or
R 4 and R 4′ form a ring;
D is —CO—, —COO—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —O—, —NR 25 —, —CR 23 ═CR 24 —, or —C≡C—;
E is —OR 29 , —SR 29 , —NR 25 R 26 , —COR 28 , —COOR 27 , —CNR 25 R 26 , —CN, or halogen;
G is
E,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, which may be interrupted by D, or
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D; wherein
R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 27 and R 28 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 29 is
hydrogen,
C 6 -C 18 aryl,
C 6 -C 18 aryl, which is substituted by C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl, or
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is interrupted by an oxygen atom;
R 109 and R 110 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 18 alkenyl,
C 2 -C 18 alkynyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, or
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl; or
R 109 and R 110 together form a group of formula ═CR 100 R 101 ; wherein
R 100 and R 101 are independently of each other
hydrogen,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl; or C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G; or
R 109 and R 110 together form a five or six membered ring, which is optionally substituted by
C 1 -C 18 alkyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 6 -C 24 aryl,
C 6 -C 24 aryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl,
C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl which is substituted by G,
C 2 -C 18 alkenyl,
C 2 -C 18 alkynyl,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy,
C 1 -C 18 alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,
C 7 -C 25 aralkyl, or
—C(O)—R 18 ;
R 111 is
hydrogen,
a C 1 -C 25 alkyl group,
a C 4 -C 18 cycloalkyl group,
a C 1 -C 25 alkoxy group, in which one or more carbon atoms which are not in neighborhood to each other could be replaced by —O—, —S—, or —C(═O)—O—, and/or wherein one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by F,
a C 6 -C 24 aryl group, or
a C 6 -C 24 aryloxy group, wherein one or more carbon atoms can be replaced by O, S, or N, and/or which can be substituted by one or more non-aromatic groups R 111 ;
m can be the same or different at each occurrence and is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
X 1 is a hydrogen atom, or a cyano group
with the proviso that, if Ar 1 and Ar 1′ are a group of formula
a and d are not 0; and
X is
ZnX 12 , wherein X 12 is a halogen atom;
—SnR 207 R 208 R 209 , wherein R 207 , R 208 and R 209 are identical or different and are hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein two radicals among R 207 , R 208 and R 209 optionally form a common ring and R 207 , R 208 and R 209 are optionally branched or unbranched; or
OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —OS(O) 2 -aryl, —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —B(OH) 2 , —B(OY 1 ) 2 ,
—BF 4 Na, or —BF 4 K, wherein Y 1 is independently in each occurrence a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group and Y 2 is independently in each occurrence —CY 3 Y 4 —CY 5 Y 6 — or —CY 7 Y 8 —CY 9 Y 10 —CY 11 Y 12 —, wherein Y 3 , Y 4 , Y 5 , Y 6 , Y 7 , Y 8 , Y 9 , Y 10 , Y 11 and Y 12 are independently of each other hydrogen or a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group.
14. A process for preparing the polymer according to claim 3 , the process comprising reacting a dibromide of formula Br-A-Br with an equimolar amount of a diboronic acid or diboronate of formula:
under the catalytic action of Pd and triphenylphosphine, wherein
X 11 is independently in each occurrence —B(OH) 2 , —B(OY 1 ) 2 or
wherein Y 1 is independently in each occurrence a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group and Y 2 is independently in each occurrence —CY 3 Y 4 —CY 5 Y 6 —, or —CY 7 Y 8 —CY 9 Y 10 —CY 11 Y 12 —, wherein Y 3 , Y 4 , Y 5 , Y 6 , Y 7 , Y 8 , Y 9 , Y 10 , Y 11 and Y 12 are independently of each other hydrogen or a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group.