Microlasers based dye doped polymeric resonators for brain activity stimulation and monitoring
Microlaser based dye doped polymeric resonators are provided as well as pharmaceutical formulations containing the microlaser based dye doped polymeric resonators, methods of making thereof, and methods of use thereof for monitoring and/or stimulating electrical activity in a brain of a subject in need thereof. The microlaser based dye doped polymeric resonators can include a particle having a spherical core containing one or more fluorescent dyes dispersed within a polymer matrix, wherein the polymer matrix has an index of refraction of about 1.2 or greater; an outer surface surrounding the spherical core; and a gold nanoparticle, wherein the gold nanoparticle is on the outer surface, is dispersed within the spherical core, or both. The fluorescent dyes can include a voltage sensitive fluorescent dye.
1. A particle comprising:
a spherical core comprising one or more fluorescent dyes dispersed within a polymer matrix, wherein the polymer matrix has an index of refraction of about 1.2 or greater;
an outer surface surrounding the spherical core; and
a gold nanoparticle, wherein the gold nanoparticle is on the outer surface, is dispersed within the spherical core, or both.
2. The particle according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more fluorescent dyes comprise a voltage sensitive fluorescent dye.
3. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the voltage sensitive fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyanine dye, a rhodamine dye, an oxonol dye, a merocyanine dye, and a combination thereof.
4. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the voltage sensitive fluorescent dye has a structure according to one of the following formulas
5. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, a urethane, a silicone, an acrylic, a cyanoacrylate, and a combination thereof.
6. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the polymer matrix is a UV curable polymer matrix.
7. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein polymer matrix is biocompatible.
8. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein a ratio (v/v) of an amount of the voltage sensitive fluorescent dye to an amount of the polymer matrix is about 2 to about 6.
9. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the particle exhibits a shift of a laser mode of the particle when exposed to an electric field due to a change in a refractive index of the voltage sensitive fluorescent dye used, wherein the shift of the laser mode is about 0.05 nm to about 0.2 nm for an electric field strength of about 50 V/m to about 200 V/m.
10. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the particle exhibits a variation of an amplitude of a laser mode of the particle when exposed to an electric field, wherein the variation of the amplitude is about 5% to about 50% for an electric field strength of about 50 V/m to about 200 V/m.
11. The particle according to claim 1 , wherein the gold nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of spherical gold nanoparticles having a diameter of about 100 nm to about 200 nm, gold nanorods having a diameter of about 5 nm to about 25 nm, and a combination thereof.
12. The particle according to claim 1 , wherein the particle has a diameter of about 1 μm to about 10 μm.
13. The particle according to claim 2 , wherein the particle further comprises a polymer shell encapsulating the spherical core.
14. The particle according to claim 13 , wherein the gold nanoparticles are in the polymer shell.
15. The particle according to claim 13 , wherein the polymer shell comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of an epoxy, a urethane, a silicone, an acrylic, a cyanoacrylate, and a combination thereof.
16. A method of making the particle according to claim 1 , the method comprising, in a microfluidic device:
providing an inner fluid comprising a voltage sensitive dye, a gold nanoparticle, a polymeric precursor, and a polymerization initiator;
contacting the inner fluid with a middle fluid via a microfluidic droplet generator to generate a droplet comprising the inner fluid, wherein the droplet is dispersed within the middle fluid; and
initiating polymerization of the polymeric precursor by applying one or both of heat and light to form the particle.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the middle fluid comprises a second polymeric precursor and a second polymerization initiator; and
wherein the method further comprises, prior to initiating polymerization, contacting the droplet dispersed within the middle fluid with an outer fluid to form the droplet comprising the inner fluid surrounded by the middle fluid; and
wherein initiating polymerization comprising initiating polymerization of both the polymeric precursor and the second polymeric precursor to form the particle having a polymer shell encapsulating the spherical core.
18. A method of stimulating an electrical activity in a brain of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:
administering a plurality of the particle according to claim 1 to the subject;
administering an optical signal to a location of the brain of the subject using an optical source external to the subject; wherein the optical signal stimulates the voltage sensitive fluorescent dye in the particle in the location of the brain of the subject, thereby stimulating an electrical activity in the location.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the location is a single neuron or a cluster of neurons.
20. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the optical signal has a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 2000 nm.