Process for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material and fermentation of sugars
A method of treating a patient who has melanoma includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has melanoma. A method of treating a patient who has melanoma includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the melanoma.
1. A process for the preparation of a fermentation product from lignocellulosic material, comprising:
a) enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic material in one or more containers using an enzyme composition comprising at least two cellulases to obtain a sugar product, wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis comprises at least:
i) a first stage wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis is performed at a first temperature; and
ii) a second stage wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis is performed at a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is lower than the first temperature and wherein oxygen is added to the hydrolysis during at least part of the second stage;
b) fermentation of the sugar product to produce a fermentation product, wherein the fermentation is done in a different container than the enzymatic hydrolysis; and
c) optionally, recovery of the fermentation product.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is from 50-90° C.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the second temperature is from 20-49° C.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first stage takes 12-200 hours.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the second stage takes 2-72 hours.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first stage is performed in one or more first containers.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the second stage is performed in one or more second containers.
8. The process according to claim 7 , wherein oxygen is added to the headspace of the one or more second containers.
9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more containers have a volume of at least 1 m 3 .
10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme composition is derived from a fungus and/or a fungal enzyme composition the enzyme composition comprises a fungal enzyme.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the fermentation is performed in more than one container.
12. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the dry matter content at the end of the first stage is 5 wt % or higher.
13. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the dry matter content at the end of the second stage is 5 wt % or higher.
14. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme composition is a whole fermentation broth.
15. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the fermentation is conducted with a microorganism that is able to ferment at least one C5 sugar.
16. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the lignocellulosic material is pretreated before and/or during the enzymatic hydrolysis.
17. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the fermentation product is ethanol.
18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the oxygen concentration (DO) in the lignocellulosic material present during the enzymatic hydrolysis of the second stage is at least 0.0023 mol/m 3 when measured at atmospheric pressure and about 32° C.
19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the oxygen is added by sparging.