Electrodes including a passivation layer

1. An electrode, comprising:

an electrode-composition including an active electrode species, wherein the electrode-composition comprises a first surface; and

a passivation layer positioned onto at least a portion of the first surface, said passivation layer comprising: (i) a matrix material comprising (a) a cured propoxylated polymer, (b) an uncured hydrophobic glycol ether, or a combination of (a) and (b); and (ii) at least a first electrolyte.

2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active electrode species comprises an active anode species or an active cathode species.

3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer comprises a thickness comprising from about 0.05 to about 100 microns.

4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first electrolyte comprises a salt selected from a lithium salt or a zinc salt, or combination thereof.

5. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first electrolyte comprises from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the passivation layer on a dry basis and the matrix material comprises from about 60% to about 99% by weight of the passivation layer on a dry basis.

6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material includes a cured propoxylated polymer comprising a polymerized hydrophobic ether.

7. The electrode of claim 6 , wherein the polymerized hydrophobic ether comprises one or more of the following monomeric constituents: poly(propylene glycol) acrylate, poly(propylene glycol) methacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, and trimethylolpropane propoxylate triacrylate, glycerol propoxylate triacrylate, glycerol propoxylate trimethacrylate, bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate, bisphenol A propoxylate dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol propoxylate diacrylate, pentaerythritol propoxylate tertraacrylate, neopentylglycol propoxylate diacrylate, neopentyl glycol propoxylate diacrylate, glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate diacrylate, glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate dimethacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylenediamine tetrakis(ethoxylate-block-propoxylate) tetraacrylate, ethylenediamine tetrakis(ethoxylate-block-propoxylate) tetramethacrylate, tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, tri(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, or combinations thereof.

8. The electrode of claim 6 , wherein the matrix material further comprises at least one non-poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) monomeric constituent, wherein the matrix material comprises from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the matrix material of the at least one non-PPG monomeric constituent.

9. The electrode of claim 8 , wherein the at least one non-PPG monomeric constituent comprises a fluorinated monomer, a polyfunctional crosslinking monomer including at least two free-radically polymerizable functional groups, a long chain monofunctional monomer, or combinations thereof.

10. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer comprises a free fluorine content that is not chemically bonded to the matrix material.

11. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material includes an uncured hydrophobic glycol ether; wherein the uncured hydrophobic glycol ether comprises poly(propylene glycol), tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether, di(propylene glycol) phenyl ether, di(propylene glycol) n-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether, propylene glycol diacetate, propylene glycol dicaprate, propylene glycol monolaurate, 1,2-propylene glycol diacetate, propylene glycol dilaurate, di(propylene glycol) dibenzoate, tri(propylene glycol) diacetate, di(propylene glycol) butyl ether, di(propylene glycol) propyl ether, poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol), di(propylene glycol) dimethyl ether, tri(propylene glycol) methyl ether, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, di(propylene glycol) phenyl ether, or any combinations thereof.

12. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material further comprises a free radical initiator.

13. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has not received an initial charge.

14. An electrochemical cell, comprising:

(i) an anode comprising an active anode species;

(ii) a cathode comprising an active cathode species; and

(iii) an electrolyte composition positioned between and in contact with the anode and the cathode;

wherein at least the anode includes a first passivation layer comprising a first matrix material and at least a first electrolyte distributed throughout the first matrix material, the first passivation layer being positioned between the active anode species and the electrolyte composition;

wherein the first matrix material comprises: (a) a cured propoxylated polymer, (b) an uncured hydrophobic glycol ether, or a combination of (a) and (b).

15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14 , wherein the electrolyte composition comprises: (i) a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) having a cross-linked three-dimensional polymer network, an electrolyte absorbed by the GPE, and water; (ii) a GPE having a cross-linked three-dimensional polymer network, and a deep eutectic solvent (DES), (iii) a DES; or (iv) a GPE having a cross-linked three-dimensional polymer network, a DES, and water.

16. A method of forming an electrode, comprising:

providing or forming an electrode-composition including an active electrode species, wherein the electrode-composition comprises a first surface;

providing or forming a passivation-composition comprising a mixture of a matrix material and at least a first electrolyte in a liquid medium;

coating at least a portion of the first surface with the passivation-composition to provide a liquid-containing pre-passivation layer on at least a portion of the first surface; and

at least one of drying or radically curing the liquid-containing pre-passivation layer to form a passivation layer comprising a dry mixture of the matrix material and the first electrolyte; wherein the matrix material comprises: (a) a cured propoxylated polymer, (b) an uncured hydrophobic glycol ether, or a combination of (a) and (b).

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the liquid medium comprises an organic solvent and the liquid-containing pre-passivation layer comprises at least a first portion of the organic solvent and a second portion of the organic solvent along with a matrix material-portion that penetrates into a plurality of pores of the electrode-composition, and wherein drying the liquid-containing pre-passivation layer comprises actively or passively evaporating the organic solvent after the second portion of the organic solvent along with the matrix material-portion that penetrates into the plurality of pores of the electrode-composition.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the organic solvent comprises a fluorinated organic solvent.

19. A method of forming an electrochemical cell, comprising:

providing or forming an anode comprising a first passivation layer defining a first anode-surface;

providing or forming a cathode; and

depositing an electrolyte composition between and in contact with the first anode-surface and the cathode;

wherein the first passivation layer comprises: (i) a matrix material comprising (a) a cured propoxylated polymer, (b) an uncured hydrophobic glycol ether, or a combination of (a) and (b); and (ii) at least a first electrolyte.