On-board vehicle ammonia and hydrogen generation
An on-board vehicle reservoir containing an ammonia/organic solvent solution may be associated with a phase separator configured to isolate ammonia from the solution. The ammonia may be introduced into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine to function as a catalytic reductant. Ammonia may be employed to generate hydrogen via catalytic decomposition of ammonia, and the hydrogen may be introduced into an exhaust gas stream to aid catalytic reactions such as catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and/or hydrocarbon (HC) and/or reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO); for instance during a cold-start period.
1. A vehicle on-board system comprising:
an ammonia source comprising a reservoir comprising an ammonia/organic solvent solution; and
a catalytic reactor in fluid communication with the ammonia source and configured to decompose ammonia from the ammonia source to generate hydrogen.
2. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , wherein:
the ammonia/organic solvent solution comprises from about 1% to about 70% ammonia by weight, based on the weight of the ammonia/organic solvent solution; and
the organic solvent comprises an alkanol and/or a glycol.
3. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , further comprising a phase separator configured to isolate ammonia from the ammonia/organic solvent solution.
4. The vehicle on-board system of claim 3 , further comprising an ammonia storage container associated with the phase separator.
5. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic reactor comprises an ammonia decomposition catalyst disposed on one or more surfaces contained within the catalytic reactor.
6. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic reactor further comprises a hydrogen separation membrane.
7. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrogen storage article.
8. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrogen injection article configured to introduce hydrogen intermittently on-demand into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine.
9. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , further comprising an ammonia injection article, wherein the ammonia injection article is in fluid communication with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) article and configured to introduce ammonia upstream of the SCR article.
10. The vehicle on-board system of claim 1 , configured to introduce hydrogen into an exhaust gas stream wherein the exhaust gas stream is at a temperature of ≤150° C.
11. A vehicle comprising the vehicle on-board system of claim 1 .
12. A method for on-board vehicle generation of hydrogen, the method comprising isolating ammonia from an ammonia/organic solvent solution contained in a reservoir, wherein the ammonia/organic solvent solution comprises from about 1% to about 70% ammonia by weight, based on the weight of the ammonia/organic solvent solution, and the organic solvent comprises an alkanol and/or a glycol; and
catalytically decomposing ammonia to generate hydrogen.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising isolating ammonia via a phase separator and optionally storing the isolated ammonia in an ammonia storage container.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein catalytically decomposing the ammonia is performed in a catalytic reactor comprising an ammonia decomposition catalyst disposed on one or more surfaces contained within the catalytic reactor.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the catalytic reactor is in thermal communication with a heat exchanger; and wherein the heat exchanger is optionally in thermal communication with an internal combustion engine.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the catalytic reactor comprises a hydrogen separation membrane comprising palladium.
17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising storing hydrogen in a hydrogen storage article.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising introducing hydrogen intermittently on-demand into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine, wherein the exhaust gas stream is at a temperature of ≤180° C.; and, optionally introducing ammonia into the exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine.