Triboelectric nanogenerators

1. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) comprising:

a flexible polymeric dielectric layer comprising liquid metal particles and a polymer,

wherein the liquid metal particles are dispersed within the polymer without forming a substantive conductive percolation network;

a first electrode; and

a second electrode,

wherein the second electrode is spaced apart from the first electrode with the flexible polymeric dielectric layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

2. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein

the flexible polymeric dielectric layer comprises a first surface and an opposite second surface;

the first electrode comprises a first surface and an opposite second surface; and

the second electrode comprises a first surface and an opposite second surface,

wherein the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is disposed on the first surface of the first electrode.

3. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 2 , wherein the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is further provided a first contact layer and a second contact layer, wherein the first contact layer is attached to the first surface of the flexible polymeric dielectric layer, and the second contact layer is attached to the opposite second surface of the flexible polymeric dielectric layer.

4. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 3 , wherein the first contact layer is disposed between the first surface of the flexible polymeric dielectric layer and the first surface of the first electrode.

5. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 3 , wherein the first contact layer and the second contact layer comprise silicone.

6. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metal particles are substantially homogeneously dispersed within the flexible polymeric dielectric layer.

7. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the opposite second surface of the first electrode is attached to a flexible substrate.

8. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 7 , wherein the flexible substrate, the first electrode, the first contact layer, the flexible polymeric dielectric layer, and the second contact layer are joined together to form an integrated unit, wherein the integrated unit is capable of being spaced apart from the second electrode to form a triboelectric nanogenerator.

9. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 8 , wherein the integrated unit is a flexible and/or stretchable unit.

10. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the polymer in the flexible polymeric dielectric layer comprises silicone.

11. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and/or second electrode are flexible electrodes.

12. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 11 , wherein the first electrode is an indium tin oxide based electrode, a metal nanowire based electrode, or a deposited metal electrode.

13. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is any electrode comprising electric conducting material.

14. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metal particles are particles comprising a gallium-based alloy.

15. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metal particles are particles comprising an alloy comprising gallium, indium, and tin.

16. The triboelectric nanogenerator of claim 1 , wherein the total wt. % of the liquid metal particles in the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is 5-70%, the total wt. % of the polymer in the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is 30-95%.

17. An electrode device comprising a flexible substrate, a first electrode, a first contact layer, a flexible polymeric dielectric layer, and a second contact layer that are joined together to form an integrated unit,

wherein the integrated unit is capable of being spaced apart from a second electrode to form a triboelectric nanogenerator; and

wherein the flexible polymeric dielectric layer comprises liquid metal particles and a polymer, wherein the liquid metal particles are substantially homogeneously dispersed within the polymer without forming a substantive conductive percolation network.

18. The electrode device of claim 17 , wherein the liquid metal particles comprise particles of a gallium-based alloy, the polymer comprises silicone, wherein the total wt. % of the liquid metal particles in the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is 5-70%, the total wt. % of the polymer in the flexible polymeric dielectric layer is 30-95%.