Li-substituted layered spinel cathode materials for sodium ion batteries
Systems, methods, and compositions are disclosed for a Li-substituted layered-tunneled O3/spinel Na(Ni x Fe y Mn z )O 2 cathode material, Na 0.87 Li 0.25 Ni 0.4 Fe 0.2 Mn 0.4 O 2+∂ (LS-NFM) for enhanced sodium ion storage and cycling stability. The LS-NFM electrode is prepared by adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of the Na ion over the sum of Li and transition metal ions below 1. The Rietveld refinement of XRD data indicates that the cathode is composed of 94% layered and 6% spinel components. When cycled at a high current density of 100 mA g −1 , LS-NFM cathode exhibited a first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of 88% and reversible discharge capacity of 107 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles with the capacity retention of 95%.
1. A cathode material for a Sodium Ion Battery (SIB) comprising:
Na 0.87 Li 0.25 Ni 0.4 Fe 0.2 Mn 0.4 O 2+∂ (LS-NFM) wherein 0≤∂≤0.2 and wherein the cathode material comprises a dominant layered phase and a secondary spinel phase.
2. The cathode material of claim 1 further comprising:
94% (by weight) layered components in the dominant layered phase; and
6% (by weight) spinel components in the secondary spinel phase.
3. The cathode material of claim 1 further comprising:
a first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of 88%; and
a reversible discharge capacity of 107 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles with the capacity retention of 95% when cycled at a high current density of 100 mA g −1 .