Conversion materials for electrochemical removal of chloride-containing salts from water
A device for removing chloride-containing salts from water includes a container configured to contain saline water, a first electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water, and a power source. The first electrode includes a conversion material that is substantially insoluble in the saline water and has a composition that includes at least two or more of aluminum, chlorine, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium. The composition varies over a range with respect to a quantity of chloride ions per formula unit. The power source supplies current to the first electrode in a first operating state so as to induce a reversible conversion reaction in which the conversion material bonds to the chloride ions in the saline water to generate a treated water solution. The conversion material dissociates the chloride ions therefrom into the saline water solution in a second operating state to generate a wastewater solution.
1. A device for removing chloride-containing salts from water, comprising:
a container configured to contain a saline water solution having a first concentration c 1 of chloride ions;
a first electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the first electrode including a conversion material that is insoluble in the saline water solution, the conversion material having a composition that includes at least two or more of aluminum, chlorine, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium, the composition variable over a range with respect to a quantity of chloride ions per formula unit; and
a power source configured to supply current to the first electrode so as to induce a reversible conversion reaction in which the conversion material (i) associates with the chloride ions in the saline water solution in a first operating state to generate a treated water solution having a second concentration c 2 of the chloride ions and (ii) dissociates the chloride ions therefrom into the saline water solution in a second operating state to generate a wastewater solution having a third concentration c 3 of the chloride ions where c 3 >c 1 >c 2 , wherein the conversion material is represented by the formula Al 2 CuCl x , where 0≤x≤8.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit in the conversion material is variable over a first range between a first quantity and a second quantity that is greater than the first quantity.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the first electrode is configured to be cycled repeatedly between the first and second operating states such that the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit is variable over a second range that is narrower than and within the first range.
4. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a second electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the power source configured to supply current to the first and second electrodes at least in the first operating state such that a voltage of the first electrode is modulated within a range of −0.5 V to 1.5 V relative to a standard hydrogen electrode.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein a quantity of any one or more of the aluminum, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium in the conversion material does not vary in the first and second operating states.
6. A device for removing chloride-containing salts from water, comprising:
a container configured to contain a saline water solution having a first concentration c 1 of chloride ions;
a first electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the first electrode including a conversion material that is insoluble in the saline water solution, the conversion material having a composition that includes at least two or more of aluminum, chlorine, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium, the composition variable over a range with respect to a quantity of chloride ions per formula unit; and
a power source configured to supply current to the first electrode so as to induce a reversible conversion reaction in which the conversion material (i) associates with the chloride ions in the saline water solution in a first operating state to generate a treated water solution having a second concentration c 2 of the chloride ions and (ii) dissociates the chloride ions therefrom into the saline water solution in a second operating state to generate a wastewater solution having a third concentration c 3 of the chloride ions where c 3 >c 1 >c 2 , wherein the conversion material is represented by the formula AlCuCl x , where 0≤x≤4.
7. The device of claim 6 wherein the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit in the conversion material is variable over a first range between a first quantity and a second quantity that is greater than the first quantity.
8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the first electrode is configured to be cycled repeatedly between the first and second operating states such that the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit is variable over a second range that is narrower than and within the first range.
9. The device of claim 6 , further comprising a second electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the power source configured to supply current to the first and second electrodes at least in the first operating state such that a voltage of the first electrode is modulated within a range of −0.5 V to 1.5 V relative to a standard hydrogen electrode.
10. The device of claim 6 , wherein a quantity of any one or more of the aluminum, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium in the conversion material does not vary in the first and second operating states.
11. A device for removing chloride-containing salts from water, comprising:
a container configured to contain a saline water solution having a first concentration c 1 of chloride ions;
a first electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the first electrode including a conversion material that is insoluble in the saline water solution, the conversion material having a composition that includes at least two or more of aluminum, chlorine, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium, the composition variable over a range with respect to a quantity of chloride ions per formula unit; and
a power source configured to supply current to the first electrode so as to induce a reversible conversion reaction in which the conversion material (i) associates with the chloride ions in the saline water solution in a first operating state to generate a treated water solution having a second concentration c 2 of the chloride ions and (ii) dissociates the chloride ions therefrom into the saline water solution in a second operating state to generate a wastewater solution having a third concentration c 3 of the chloride ions where c 3 >c 1 >c 2 , wherein the conversion material is represented by the formula CuCl x , where 0≤x≤4.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit in the conversion material is variable over a first range between a first quantity and a second quantity that is greater than the first quantity.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the first electrode is configured to be cycled repeatedly between the first and second operating states such that the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit is variable over a second range that is narrower than and within the first range.
14. The device of claim 11 , further comprising a second electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the power source configured to supply current to the first and second electrodes at least in the first operating state such that a voltage of the first electrode is modulated within a range of −0.5 V to 1.5 V relative to a standard hydrogen electrode.
15. The device of claim 11 , wherein a quantity of any one or more of the aluminum, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium in the conversion material does not vary in the first and second operating states.
16. A device for removing chloride-containing salts from water, comprising:
a container configured to contain a saline water solution having a first concentration c 1 of chloride ions;
a first electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the first electrode including a conversion material that is insoluble in the saline water solution, the conversion material having a composition that includes at least two or more of aluminum, chlorine, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium, the composition variable over a range with respect to a quantity of chloride ions per formula unit; and
a power source configured to supply current to the first electrode so as to induce a reversible conversion reaction in which the conversion material (i) associates with the chloride ions in the saline water solution in a first operating state to generate a treated water solution having a second concentration c 2 of the chloride ions and (ii) dissociates the chloride ions therefrom into the saline water solution in a second operating state to generate a wastewater solution having a third concentration c 3 of the chloride ions where c 3 >c 1 >c 2 , wherein the conversion material is represented by the formula KFeCl 4-x , where 0≤x≤1.
17. The device of claim 16 wherein the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit in the conversion material is variable over a first range between a first quantity and a second quantity that is greater than the first quantity.
18. The device of claim 17 , wherein the first electrode is configured to be cycled repeatedly between the first and second operating states such that the quantity of chloride ions per formula unit is variable over a second range that is narrower than and within the first range.
19. The device of claim 16 , further comprising a second electrode arranged in fluid communication with the saline water solution, the power source configured to supply current to the first and second electrodes at least in the first operating state such that a voltage of the first electrode is modulated within a range of −0.5 V to 1.5 V relative to a standard hydrogen electrode.
20. The device of claim 16 , wherein a quantity of any one or more of the aluminum, copper, iron, oxygen, and potassium in the conversion material does not vary in the first and second operating states.