High resolution molecular LIDAR

1. A device for detecting a property of a gas comprising:

a light source configured to emit a light along at least a first axis, and

a light detection arrangement comprising:

a lens arrangement having a lens plane, a displaced image plane, and a front focal plane, and being configured to direct the light from the light source and scattered by the gas to a light sensor, and

the light sensor comprising at least one column of pixels aligned to an image plane and configured to output a sensor signal,

wherein the first axis, the lens plane, and the image plane intersect such that a Scheimpflug condition is achieved,

wherein the displaced image plane, the front focal plane of the lens arrangement, and a relationship between the light source and the light detection arrangement fulfil the Hinge rule intersection,

wherein the light source comprises an expander aperture providing an effective range resolution of at least one column of pixels or a probe volume that deteriorates linearly with respect to range, and wherein the expander aperture and the lens arrangement are configured such that a spot size of the light emitted along the first axis is matched to a pixel footprint of pixels configured to receive light from corresponding distances along the first axis, and

wherein dimensions of the light source are matched with respective focal lengths attributable to the pixels of the at least one column of pixels.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light source is configured to emit a sheet of light along at least the first axis, wherein a thickness of the sheet of light, in combination with a focal length of the lens arrangement, is matched to a pixel width of the pixels of the at least one column of pixels.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light source is one or more of; a narrowband single-mode source, a broad band multi-mode source, a high power multimode diode laser, a high power multimode fibre laser, a high power tapered amplifier seeded by a tuneable single mode diode laser, a high-power fibre amplifier seeded by a tuneable single mode diode laser, and a high power tuneable CO 2 laser.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light sensor comprising a transmissive layer and wherein the lens arrangement being configured to direct modulated light scattered by the gas on to the transmissive layer at Brewster's angle such that P-polarized light is transmitted through the transmissive layer of light sensor.

5. The device of claim 4 , wherein light sensor is configured to only detect P-polarized light and wherein the light source is configured to emit polarized light.

6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the light source comprises a polarization rotation controller comprising at least one of: a liquid crystal, a Pockels cell, and an arrangement comprising a super position of a plurality of emitters with orthogonal polarizations in combination with a polarization beam splitter.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the lens arrangement comprises at least one of:

an imaging lens comprising one or more light refracting components, and

a mirror lens comprising a catadioptric optical system.

8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a data processing device implemented on a general-purpose or special-purpose computing device and configured to:

process the sensor signal to determine a property of the gas.

9. A method for detecting a property of a gas comprising:

emitting a light from a light source along at least a first axis, and

generating a sensor signal using a detection arrangement comprising:

a lens arrangement having a lens plane, a displaced image plane, and a front focal plane, and being configured to direct the light from the light source and scattered by the gas to a light sensor, and

the light sensor comprising at least one column of pixels aligned to an image plane and configured to output a sensor signal,

wherein the first axis, the lens plane, and the image plane intersect such that a Scheimpflug condition is achieved,

wherein the displaced image plane, the front focal plane of the lens arrangement, and a relationship between the light source and the detection arrangement fulfil the Hinge rule intersection,

wherein the light source comprises an expander aperture providing an effective range resolution of at least one column of pixels or a probe volume that deteriorates linearly with respect to range, and wherein the expander aperture and the lens arrangement are configured such that a spot size of the light emitted along the first axis is matched to a pixel footprint of pixels configured to receive light from corresponding distances along the first axis, and

wherein a dimension of the light source is matched with a respective focal length attributable to the pixels of the at least one column of pixels.