Inactivated
The present subject matter provides, inter alia, compositions and methods comprising inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria such as whole dead bacterial spores and/or cells and/or particles that comprise inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria. Compositions and methods comprising Bacillus coagulans peptidoglycan and/or lipoteichoic acid are also provided.
1. A method of increasing physical performance in a subject, the method comprising:
administering an effective amount of a composition comprising inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria to the subject to increase the physical performance in the subject,
wherein the inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria comprise inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans spores,
wherein the composition is a food or beverage, and
wherein the composition is administered during an exercise period of the subject, within 60 minutes before the exercise period of the subject, and/or within 60 minutes after the exercise period of the subject.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein bacteria comprises at least 85% Bacillus coagulans spores.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria further comprise inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans vegetative bacteria.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bacteria are Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 (ATCC Designation No. PTA-6086), bacteria.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the physical performance in the subject comprises reducing muscle soreness, increasing physical strength or endurance, decreasing post-exercise recovery time, increasing muscle mass, increasing lean muscle development, recovery, strength, or repair in the subject.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the physical performance in the subject comprises reducing muscle soreness, and wherein the muscle soreness is post-exercise muscle soreness.
7. A method of increasing physical performance in a subject, the method comprising:
administering an effective amount of a composition comprising inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria to the subject to increase the physical performance in the subject, wherein the inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria comprise inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans spores,
wherein the composition is a food or beverage composition,
wherein the effective amount is effective to reduce inflammation in the subject,
wherein the subject has an injury or arthritis, or has had a stroke, and
wherein the composition is administered during an exercise period of the subject, within 60 minutes before the exercise period of the subject, and/or within 60 minutes after the exercise period of the subject.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject does not have a respiratory, mucous membrane, skin, or gastrointestinal infection.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the effective amount is effective to reduce inflammation in the subject, increase the level of at least one growth factor in a subject, increase the level of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the subject, increase the level of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the subject, increase the level of at least one immune activating cytokine in the subject, and/or increase the level of at least one immune activating chemokine in the subject.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the level is the level of the at least one growth factor in a bodily fluid of the subject.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the bodily fluid is blood, plasma, or serum.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the growth factor increases tissue repair, stem cell differentiation, or stem cell proliferation.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one immune activating cytokine comprises interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), or interferon gamma (IFNγ).
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one immune activating chemokine comprises monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1α), or macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP1β).
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is less than about 0.001% water by weight.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises an excipient.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a β-glucan, maltodextrin, inulin, initosol, trehalose, micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC), calcium lactate, magnesium stearate, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), or gluco-oligosaccharide (GOS).
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria are lyophilized.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inactivated, non-viable, or dead Bacillus coagulans bacteria have been lyophilized and then combined with an aqueous solution.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a surfactant or an emulsifier.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the food or beverage composition comprises:
(a) tea, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage;
(b) a fermented food or beverage;
(c) a grain-based composition;
(d) a baked composition;
(e) a confection;
(f) an omega-3 fatty acid;
(g) a dairy composition;
(h) a non-dairy milk-like composition;
(i) a sports nutrition composition; or
(j) feed for a work animal, a companion animal, livestock, or aquaculture.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered during an exercise period of the subject.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered within 60 minutes before or after the exercise period of the subject.