N-oxide and ectoine monomers, polymers, their compositions, and related methods

1. A substrate surface coated with a layer of one or more N-oxide polymers or one or more N-oxide copolymers, wherein the N-oxide polymer or N-oxide copolymer has repeating units of formula (IV) or (V):

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of the repeating unit to other repeating units in the polymer or copolymer;

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and C 6 -C 12 aryl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from functional groups suitable for polymerization by addition, condensation or free radical polymerization;

R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and C 6 -C 12 aryl, cyclic alkyl;

L is C or Si;

L 2 is independently selected from —(CH 2 ) x — or —(CH(CN)) x —, where x is an integer from 1 to 20; and

L 3 and L 4 are independently selected from —(CH 2 )—, —(CH(CN)) x —, —C(═O)NH(CH 2 ) x —, —C(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —, —C(═O)OC(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —, —(CH 2 ) x —O—(CH 2 ) x —, and —(CH 2 ) x —S—S—(CH 2 ) x —, where x at each occurrence is an integer independently selected from 1 to 20; and

n is an integer from about 10 to about 500,

wherein the substrate is a biomedical device selected from the group consisting of catheters, ear drainage tubes, feeding tubes, glaucoma drainage tubes, hydrocephalous shunts, keratoprosthesis, nerve guidance tubes, tissue adhesives, x-ray guides, artificial joints, artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels, pacemakers, left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), artery grafts, vascular grafts, stents, intravascular stents, cardiac valves, joint replacements, blood vessel prostheses, skin repair devices, cochlear replacements, contact lenses, artificial ligaments and tendons, dental implants, and tissue scaffolds for regenerative tissue engineering.

2. A substrate surface coated with a layer of one or more N-oxide polymers or one or more N-oxide copolymers, wherein the N-oxide polymer or N-oxide copolymer has a repeating unit of formula (III):

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of the repeating unit to other repeating units in the polymer or copolymer;

B is a polymer backbone;

L is selected from the group consisting of —(CH 2 ) x —, —(CH(CN) x —, —C(═O)NH(CH 2 ) x —, —C(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —, —C(═O)OC(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —, —(CH 2 ) x —O—(CH 2 ) x —, and —(CH 2 ) x —S—S—(CH 2 ) x —, where x at each occurrence is an integer independently selected from 1 to 20;

R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and C 6 -C 12 aryl, cyclic alkyl; and

n is an integer from about 10 to about 500,

wherein the substrate is a biomedical device selected from the group consisting of catheters, ear drainage tubes, feeding tubes, glaucoma drainage tubes, hydrocephalous shunts, keratoprosthesis, nerve guidance tubes, tissue adhesives, x-ray guides, artificial joints, artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels, pacemakers, left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), artery grafts, vascular grafts, stents, intravascular stents, cardiac valves, joint replacements, blood vessel prostheses, skin repair devices, cochlear replacements, contact lenses, artificial ligaments and tendons, dental implants, and tissue scaffolds for regenerative tissue engineering.

3. The substrate surface of claim 1 , wherein the surface has a fibrinogen adsorption less than about 200 ng/cm 2 , less than about 100 ng/cm 2 , less than about 50 ng/cm 2 , less than about 20 ng/cm 2 , or less than about 10 ng/cm 2 .

4. The substrate surface of claim 1 , wherein the surface has a fibrinogen adsorption less than about 5 ng/cm 2 .

5. The substrate surface of claim 1 , wherein N-oxide polymer or copolymer is a random, a multiblock, or star polymer or copolymer.

6. The substrate surface of claim 1 , wherein N-oxide polymer or copolymer is prepared from a monomer having formula (I) or (II):

wherein

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and C 6 -C 12 aryl;

R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from functional groups suitable for polymerization by addition, condensation or free radical polymerization;

R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, and C 6 -C 12 aryl;

L is C or Si;

L 2 is independently selected from —(CH 2 ) x — or —(CH(CN)) x —, where x is an integer from 1 to 20; and

L 3 and L 4 are independently selected from —(CH 2 )—, —(CH(CN)) x —, —C(═O)NH(CH 2 ) x —, —C(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —; —C(═O)OC(═O)O(CH 2 ) x —; —(CH 2 ) x —O—(CH 2 ) x —, and —(CH 2 ) x —S—S—(CH 2 ) x —, where x at each occurrence is an integer independently selected from 1 to 20.

7. The substrate surface of claim 1 , wherein N-oxide polymer or copolymer is prepared from a monomer selected from N-oxide acrylates, N-oxide acrylamides, N-oxide methacrylates, N-oxide methacrylamides, N-oxide vinyl compounds, N-oxide epoxides, and mixtures thereof.

8. The substrate surface of claim 2 , wherein the polymer backbone is selected from the group consisting of a polyester, a polypeptide, a polyimide, a polyphosphazene, a polysiloxane, a polyepoxy, a vinyl polymer, a phenolic polymer, a polyurethane, a polyurea, a polycarbonate, a polysulfone, and a polysulfide.

9. The substrate surface of claim 2 , wherein the surface has a fibrinogen adsorption less than about 200 ng/cm 2 , less than about 100 ng/cm 2 , less than about 50 ng/cm 2 , less than about 20 ng/cm 2 , or less than about 10 ng/cm 2 .

10. The substrate surface of claim 2 , wherein the surface has a fibrinogen adsorption less than about 5 ng/cm 2 .

11. The substrate surface of claim 2 , wherein N-oxide polymer or copolymer is a random, a multiblock, or star polymer or copolymer.

12. The substrate surface of claim 2 , wherein N-oxide polymer or copolymer is prepared from a monomer selected from N-oxide acrylates, N-oxide acrylamides, N-oxide methacrylates, N-oxide methacrylamides, N-oxide vinyl compounds, N-oxide epoxides, and mixtures thereof.