Evolution of bioactive sequence-defined synthetic polymers using DNA-templated polymerization

1. A modified nucleic acid library comprising one or more tri-oligonucleotides, wherein each of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides comprises one or more modified cytosine (C) residues of (a) and/or one or more modified thymine (T) residues of (b), at the 5′ end of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides:

(a) wherein the one or more modified C residues are of the formula:

 and

(b) wherein the one or more modified T residues are of the formula:

wherein:

each instance of - - - is independently a single, double, or triple bond;

each instance of n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;

each instance of is independently a single bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R A )—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)N(R A )—, —C(═NR A )—, —C(═NR A )O—, —C(═NR A )N(R A )—, —NR A C(═O)—, —NR A C(═O)O—, —NR A C(═O)N(R A )—, —NR A C(═NR A )—, —NR A C(═NR A )O—, —NR A C(═NR A )N(R A )—, —OC(═O)—, —OC(═O)O—, —OC(═O)N(R A )—, —OC(═NR A )—, —OC(═NR A )O—, or —OC(═NR A )N(R A )—, wherein each instance of R A is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; and

each instance of R is independently unsubstituted C 1-5 alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2-5 alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted C 2-5 alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 13-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 13-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 6- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

2. A modified nucleic acid library comprising one or more tri-oligonucleotides, wherein each of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides comprises one or more modified cytosine (C) residues of (a) and/or one or more modified thymine (T) residues of (b), at the 5′ end of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides:

(a) wherein the one or more modified C residues are of the formula:

 and

(b) wherein the one or more modified T residues are of the formula:

wherein:

each instance of - - - is independently a single, double, or triple bond;

each instance of n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;

each instance of is independently a single bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R A )—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)N(R A )—, —C(═NR A )—, —C(═NR A )O—, —C(═NR A )N(R A )—, —NR A C(═O)—, —NR A C(═O)O—, —NR A C(═O)N(R A )—, —NR A C(═NR A )—, —NR A C(═NR A )O—, —NR A C(═NR A )N(R A )—, —OC(═O)—, —OC(═O)O—, —OC(═O)N(R A )—, —OC(═NR A )—, —OC(═NR A )O—, or —OC(═NR A )N(R A )—, wherein each instance of R A is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; and

each instance of R is independently

3. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 2 , wherein the modified nucleic acid library comprises one or more of the following modified tri-oligonucleotides:

(a) C 1 TT, C 1 TG, C 1 GT, and C 1 CG, wherein C 1 is

wherein R is

(b) C 2 AA, C 2 AC, C 2 TC, and C 2 GG, wherein C 2 is

wherein R is

(c) C 3 AT, C 3 AG, C 3 GA, and C 3 GC, wherein C 3 is

wherein R is

(d) C 4 TA, C 4 CA, C 4 CT, and C 4 CC, wherein C 4 is

wherein R is

(e) T 1 TT, T 1 TG, T 1 GT, and T 1 CG, wherein T 1 is

wherein R is

(f) T 2 AT, T 2 AG, T 2 GA, and T 2 GC, wherein T 2 is

wherein R is

(g) T 3 AA, T 3 AC, T 3 CA, and T 3 CC, wherein T 3 is

wherein R is

and

(h) T 4 TA, T 4 TC, T 4 CT, and T 4 GG, wherein T 4 is

wherein R is

4. A method of making a modified nucleic acid polymer, the method comprising

(a) contacting two or more nucleic acid molecules from the library of claim 1 with a template nucleic acid, thereby forming a complex, wherein the two or more nucleic acid molecules from the library bind to the template nucleic acid, and

(b) contacting the complex of (a) with a ligase, thereby ligating the two or more nucleic acid molecules from the library to form the modified nucleic acid polymer.

5. A method of making a library of modified nucleic acid polymers, the method comprising

(a) contacting the modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 with a library of template nucleic acids, thereby forming complexes between modified nucleic acids of the modified nucleic acid library and template nucleic acids of the library of template nucleic acids, and

(b) contacting the complexes of (a) with a ligase, thereby forming a library of modified nucleic acid polymers.

6. A method of generating a modified nucleic acid polymer that binds to a target protein comprising

(a) contacting the library of modified nucleic acid polymers made by a method of claim 5 with the target protein, and

(b) isolating one or more nucleic acid polymers that bind to the target protein.

7. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of - - - is a double bond.

8. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of n is 0.

9. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 7 , wherein each instance of is independently a single bond or —C(═O)N(R A )—.

10. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of is independently a single bond or —C(═O)NH—.

11. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein the modified nucleic acid library comprises more than one of the tri-oligonucleotides.

12. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides comprises one modified C residue of (a) or one modified T residue of (b).

13. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 11 , wherein each of the one or more tri-oligonucleotides comprises one modified C residue of (a) or one modified T residue of (b).

14. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 3 , wherein the modified nucleic acid library comprises the modified tri-oligonucleotides of (a) to (h).

15. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of n is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3.

16. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of R is independently unsubstituted C 1-5 alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 13-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 13-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 6- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

17. The modified nucleic acid library of claim 1 , wherein each instance of R is independently unsubstituted C 1-5 alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 13-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted, 6- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- to 11-membered, monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.