Method and system for reading and stimulating neurons through tissue using light

1. A neural communication system comprising:

an interrogator that includes an optical head, wherein the optical head transmits a light signal; and

a microprobe configured to contact tissue, wherein the microprobe includes:

a sensor that contacts the tissue;

a transducer that receives the light signal and neural signal information sensed from the tissue by the sensor, wherein the transducer modulates the light signal with the neural signal information; and

a self-powered retroreflector configured to reflect the modulated light signal back to the optical head of the interrogator, wherein a diameter of the microprobe is smaller than 100 micrometers.

2. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the interrogator further comprises a transceiver configured to communicate with a computing device.

3. The neural communication system of claim 2 , wherein the interrogator further comprises a wire that connects the optical head to the transceiver.

4. The neural communication system of claim 3 , wherein the wire comprises a fiber optic cable.

5. The neural communication system of claim 2 , wherein the transceiver is configured for implantation between skin and a skull of a patient.

6. The neural communication system of claim 2 , wherein the transceiver is not implanted within a patient.

7. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the optical head is configured for implantation between a dura and a skull of a patient.

8. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the optical head is not implanted within a patient.

9. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a microelectrode that contacts the tissue.

10. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the microprobe is magnetic such that a magnetic field is able to move the microprobe within the tissue.

11. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the transducer of the microprobe is a field effect transistor (FET) in a source-follower configuration or a common source configuration.

12. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the interrogator further comprises a reflectometer that is configured to measure power of the modulated light signal.

13. The neural communication system of claim 12 , wherein the reflectometer is configured to produce a map of reflectivity versus depth for the microprobe.

14. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the interrogator further comprises a two-dimensional scanner configured to direct the light signal to a plurality of tissue locations to scan an area of interest.

15. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the microprobe includes a power harvesting system such that the microprobe receives power by way of the light signal.

16. The neural communication system of claim 15 , wherein the power harvesting system includes an electroabsorptive modulator.

17. The neural communication system of claim 16 , wherein the power harvesting system also includes a field effect transistor.

18. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the light signal comprises a read light signal, and wherein the optical head is also configured to transmit a write light signal to stimulate one or more neurons in the tissue.

19. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the light signal follows a transmit path from the optical head to the retroflector, and wherein the reflected modulated light signal follows the transmit path in reverse from the retroflector to the optical head.

20. The neural communication system of claim 1 , wherein the interrogator is configured to communicate with at least 1000 microprobes that are in contact with the tissue.