RNA replicon for reprogramming somatic cells
The present invention embraces a RNA replicon that can be replicated by a replicase of alphavirus origin and comprises an open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor. Such RNA replicons are useful for expressing a reprogramming factor in a cell, in particular a somatic cell. Cells engineered to express such reprogramming factors are useful in cell transplantation therapies.
1. A system comprising:
(i) an RNA construct for expressing a functional alphavirus non-structural protein, and
(ii) an RNA replicon comprising an open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor and a 5′ replication recognition sequence, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence can be recognized by an alphaviral replicase in trans and is characterized in that it does not contain any initiation codons, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence does not overlap with a first open reading frame of the RNA replicon, and the initiation codon of the first open reading frame is in the 5′→3′ direction of the RNA replicon and is the first functional initiation codon; wherein
the RNA construct is an mRNA molecule comprising a 5′-cap; and
the RNA replicon does not comprise an open reading frame encoding a functional alphavirus non-structural protein.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the RNA replicon comprises at least one further open reading frame encoding a different reprogramming factor.
3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the reprogramming factor is selected from the group consisting of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28 and NANOG.
4. A method of producing cells having stem cell characteristics comprising the step of introducing into somatic cells a system comprising one or more RNA replicons according to claim 1 .
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the one or more RNA replicons encode a set of reprogramming factors.
6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein each of the one or more RNA replicons comprises one open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor.
7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the one or more RNA replicons comprise a set of RNA replicons, wherein each of the RNA replicons comprises at least one open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor and the set of RNA replicons encodes a set of reprogramming factors.
8. A method for providing differentiated cell types comprising the steps of (i) providing cells having stem cell characteristics using the method of claim 4 , and (ii) culturing the cells having stem cell characteristics under conditions that induce or direct partial or complete differentiation to a differentiated cell type.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the RNA replicon further comprises a subgenomic promoter.
10. A system comprising:
(i) an RNA construct for expressing a functional alphavirus non-structural protein, and
(ii) a set of RNA replicons, wherein each of the RNA replicons comprises at least one open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor and a 5′ replication recognition sequence, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence can be recognized by an alphaviral replicase in trans and is characterized in that it does not contain any initiation codons, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence does not overlap with a first open reading frame of the RNA replicon, and the initiation codon of the first open reading frame is in the 5′→3′ direction of the RNA replicon and is the first functional initiation codon, and the set of RNA replicons encodes a set of reprogramming factors; wherein
the RNA construct is an mRNA molecule comprising a 5′-cap; and
the RNA replicons do not comprise an open reading frame encoding a functional alphavirus non-structural protein.
11. The system according to claim 10 , wherein each of the RNA replicons comprises one open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor.
12. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the set of reprogramming factors comprises OCT4 and SOX2.
13. The system according to claim 12 , wherein the set of reprogramming factors further comprises KLF4 and/or c-MYC.
14. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the set of reprogramming factors comprises OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and LIN28.
15. The system according to claim 10 , wherein at least one of the RNA replicons in the set of RNA replicons further comprises a subgenomic promoter.
16. A method for providing cells having stem cell characteristics comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a cell population comprising somatic cells,
(ii) providing an RNA construct for expressing a functional alphavirus non-structural protein, wherein the RNA construct is an mRNA molecule comprising a 5′-cap,
(iii) providing one or more RNA replicons, wherein each of the one or more RNA replicons can be replicated by the functional alphavirus non-structural protein in trans and comprises at least one open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor and a 5′ replication recognition sequence, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence can be recognized by an alphaviral replicase in trans and is characterized in that it does not contain any initiation codons, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence does not overlap with a first open reading frame of the one or more RNA replicons, and the initiation codon of the first open reading frame is in the 5′→3′ direction of the one or more RNA replicons and is the first functional initiation codon, wherein the one or more RNA replicons do not comprise an open reading frame encoding a functional alphavirus non-structural protein,
(iv) introducing the RNA construct and the one or more RNA replicons into the somatic cells, such that the cells express a set of reprogramming factors useful in reprogramming somatic cells to cells having stem cell characteristics, and
(v) allowing the development of cells having stem cell characteristics.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein at least one of the one or more RNA replicons further comprises a subgenomic promoter.
18. Cells comprising
(i) an RNA construct for expressing a functional alphavirus non-structural protein, and
(ii) an RNA replicon comprising an open reading frame encoding a reprogramming factor and a 5′ replication recognition sequence, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence can be recognized by an alphaviral replicase in trans and is characterized in that it does not contain any initiation codons, wherein the 5′ replication recognition sequence does not overlap with a first open reading frame of the RNA replicon, and the initiation codon of the first open reading frame is in the 5′→3′ direction of the RNA replicon and is the first functional initiation codon; wherein
the RNA construct is an mRNA molecule comprising a 5′-cap; and
the RNA replicon does not comprise an open reading frame encoding a functional alphavirus non-structural protein.
19. The cells according to claim 18 , wherein the RNA replicon further comprises a subgenomic promoter.