Nanocellulose and nanocellulose composite arrays and devices and methods of making and using the same

1. A microneedle array comprising a plurality of microneedles comprising a crosslinked nanocellulose composite, wherein the nanocellulose composite comprises a permanently crosslinked composite of hyaluronic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), gelatin, alginate, chitosan, or a combination thereof.

2. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is crystalline nanocellulose.

3. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of microneedles is a hollow microneedle, wherein at least one of the plurality of microneedles has a diameter from about 100μ·m to about 1000μ·m, wherein at least one of the plurality of microneedles has a tip width of less than or equal to about 10 μm.

4. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of microneedles is pyramidal with a base dimension of about 250μ·m by about 250μ·m and a height of about 500μ·m.

5. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the of crosslinked nanocellulose composite has a fibril density from about 0.01 to about 0.9 g/mL.

6. The microneedle array of claim 5 , wherein the crosslinked nanocellulose composite has a fibril thickness of from about 10 nm to about 1μ·m.

7. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microneedles is insoluble in an aqueous solvent, in a polar organic solvent, or a combination thereof.

8. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microneedles has an elastic modulus from about 500 MPa to about 1000 MPa.

9. A microneedle array comprising a plurality of microneedles comprising crosslinked nanocellulose or a crosslinked nanocellulose composite, wherein the nanocellulose or nanocellulose composite comprises bacterial nanocellulose wherein the nanocellulose composite comprises a permanently crosslinked composite of hyaluronic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), gelatin, alginate, chitosan, or a combination thereof.

10. The microneedle array of claim 9 , wherein the crosslinked nanocellulose composite has a fibril density from about 0.01 to about 0.9 g/mL and a fibril thickness of from about 10 nm to about 1μ·m, wherein the nanocellulose composite has an elastic modulus of about 500 to 1000 mPa, wherein the plurality of microneedles is insoluble in an aqueous solvent, wherein the nanocellulose composite comprises a permanently crosslinked composite of hyaluronic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), or a combination thereof.

11. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is semi-crystalline nanocellulose.

12. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is cellulose nanofibers.

13. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is microfibrillated cellulose.

14. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is bacterial nanocellulose.

15. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is wood-based nanocellulose.

16. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is a permanently crosslinked composite of hyaluronicacid.

17. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is a permanently crosslinked composite of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).

18. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is a permanently crosslinked composite of poly(ethylene glycol).

19. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is a permanently crosslinked composite of alginate.

20. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the nanocellulose composite is a permanently crosslinked composite of chitosan.