Supercapacitor based on polymer electrolyte containing Mo(IV) doped hydrogel
Gel polymer electrolytes comprising molybdate(VI) salts dispersed in a hydrogel matrix. The hydrogel matrix contains reacted units of an acrylamide (e.g. 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) and optionally an additional monomer. A supercapacitor including the gel polymer electrolyte and electrodes arranged between the electrolyte is also specified. This supercapacitor is evaluated on its specific capacitance, energy density, power density, resistance, as well as cycling stability.
1. A gel polymer electrolyte, comprising:
a hydrogel matrix comprising water and a copolymer comprising 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 3-sulphopropyl acrylate, 2-sulphoethyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone; and
a molybdate(VI) salt dispersed in the hydrogel matrix,
wherein the molybdate(VI) salt is present in an amount of from 3.0 wt % to 20.0 wt % relative to a total weight of the hydrogel matrix.
2. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the molybdate(VI) salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of an ammonium molybdate(VT), a lithium molybdate(VI), a sodium molybdate(VI), and a potassium molybdate(VI).
3. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 2 , wherein the molybdate(VI) salt is an ammonium molybdate(VI) which is at least one selected from the group consisting of ammonium orthomolybdate ((NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 ), ammonium heptamolybdate ((NH 4 )Mo 7 O 24 ), and ammonium dimolybdate ((NH 4 ) 2 Mo 2 O 7 ).
4. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the molybdate(VI) salt is present in an amount of 3.0 wt %-10.0 wt % relative to a total weight of the hydrogel matrix.
5. A supercapacitor, comprising:
a first electrode and a second electrode; and
the gel polymer electrolyte of claim 1 arranged between the first and the second electrodes;
wherein the first and the second electrodes each comprises:
a current collector; and
a conductive layer disposed on the current collector, and
wherein the gel polymer electrolyte is in electrical contact with the conductive layers of the first and the second electrodes.
6. The supercapacitor of claim 5 , wherein the conductive layer comprises a conductive carbon which is at least one selected from the group consisting of active carbon, carbon black, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
7. The supercapacitor of claim 5 , which has a specific capacitance (C s ) of 360-550 F/g at a current density in a range of 1-10 A/g.
8. The supercapacitor of claim 5 , which has an energy density in a range of 200-280 W·h/kg.
9. The supercapacitor of claim 5 , which has a power density in a range of 2-20 kW/kg.
10. An electronic device, comprising the supercapacitor of claim 5 .
11. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 1 , further comprising a redox active species selected from the group consisting of Co(II) salts, Ni(II) salts, ferrocenes, and quinones.
12. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 11 which comprises a Co(II) salt which is selected from the group consisting of cobalt(II) nitrate, cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt(II) chloride, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, cobalt(II) acetate, cobalt(II) sulfate, cobalt(II) bromide, cobalt(II) iodide, and mixtures thereof.
13. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 11 which comprises a Ni(II) salt which is selected from the group consisting of nickel(TI) acetate, nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate, nickel(II) acetylacetonate, nickel(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, nickel(II) octanoate, ammonium nickel(II) sulfate, nickel(II) chloride, nickel(II) bromide, nickel(II) fluoride, nickel(II) iodide, nickel(II) carbonate, nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) nitrate, nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate, nickel(II) perchlorate, nickel(II) sulfate, nickel(II) sulfamate, and mixtures thereof.
14. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 11 which comprises a ferrocene which is selected from the group consisting of ferrocene, ferrocenemethanol, 1-(ferrocenyl)-ethanol, 1,1′-ferrocenedimethanol, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid, ferroceneacetic acid, 1,1′-dimethylferrocene, ethylferrocene, 1,1′-diethylferrocene, benzoylferrocene, vinylferrocene, and ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate.
15. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 11 which comprises a quinone which is selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid, (4′-dimethylaminophenylimino)quinolin-8-one, 4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone hemihydrate, 9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate, and 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid.
16. A gel polymer electrolyte, consisting of:
a hydrogel matrix of water and a copolymer comprising 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and at least one comonomer selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 3-sulphopropyl acrylate, 2-sulphoethyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone; and
a redox active specie comprising a molybdate(VI) salt dispersed in the hydrogel matrix, wherein the molybdate(VI) salt is present in an amount of from 3.0 wt % to 20.0 wt % relative to a total weight of the hydrogel matrix.
17. The gel polymer electrolyte of claim 16 , wherein the redox active species further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Co(II) salts, Ni(II) salts, ferrocenes, and quinones.