System and method for rapid charging lithium ion battery

1. A method for rapid charging a lithium ion battery, comprising:

generating a reduced order electrochemical model (ROM) of the lithium ion battery in which a state-of-charge (SOC) model, a side reaction model and a degradation model are embedded;

calculating an SOC, a side reaction rate, and a lithium plating rate from the ROM;

generating a charging protocol based on the SOC and a required SOC; and

applying the charging protocol to the lithium ion battery;

wherein generating the charging protocol comprises:

calculating a charging rate (C rate) based on the calculated SOC and the required SOC from a predetermined SOC and C rate relationship; and

applying the charging protocol to the lithium ion battery comprises performing a constant current (CC) charging with the calculated C rate until at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate, or the terminal voltage reaches a predetermined threshold.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:

when the CC charging with the calculated C rate is performed, determining whether at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or a terminal voltage reaches a predetermined threshold;

when at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or the terminal voltage is determined to reach the predetermined threshold, recalculating the C rate based on the calculated SOC and the required SOC from the predetermined SOC and C rate relationship; and

performing the CC charging with the recalculated C rate.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:

correcting the ROM with an extended Kalman filter (EKF).

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:

calculating a lithium stripping rate from the ROM; and

updating the predetermined SOC and C rate relationship based on the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate, and the lithium stripping rate.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises:

when the calculated SOC is lower than or equal to a predetermined SOC while performing the CC charging with the calculated C rate, applying negative pulses with a constant negative current.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein applying the negative pulses with the constant negative current further comprises:

applying a constant positive current corresponding to the calculated C rate to the lithium ion battery for a first period; and

applying a constant negative current to the lithium ion battery for a second period.

7. A method for rapid charging a lithium ion battery, comprising:

(a) generating a reduced order electrochemical model (ROM) of the lithium ion battery in which a state-of-charge (SOC) model, a side reaction model and a degradation model are embedded;

(b) calculating an SOC, a side reaction rate, a lithium plating rate, and a lithium stripping rate from the ROM;

(c) performing a constant current (CC) charging with a maximum charging (C) rate;

(d) determining whether at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or a terminal voltage reaches a predetermined threshold;

(e) recalculating a C rate based on the calculated SOC and a required SOC from a predetermined SOC and C rate relationship; and

(f) performing the CC charging with the recalculated C rate.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step (b) to the step (f) are repeated until reaching the required SOC.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step (a) comprises:

correcting the ROM using an extended Kalman filter (EKF).

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step (e) comprises:

updating the predetermined SOC and C rate relationship based on the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate, and the lithium stripping rate.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the method comprises:

when the calculated SOC is lower than or equal to a predetermined SOC in the step (c) and the step (f), applying negative pulses with a constant negative current.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein applying the negative pulses with the constant negative current further comprises:

applying a constant positive current corresponding to the calculated C rate to the lithium ion battery for a first period; and

applying a constant negative current to the lithium ion battery for a second period.

13. A system for rapid charging a lithium ion battery, comprising:

a charger configured to apply current to the lithium ion battery; and

a controller configured to:

generate a reduced order electrochemical model (ROM) of the lithium ion battery in which a state-of-charge (SOC) model, a side reaction model and a degradation model are embedded;

calculate a SOC, a side reaction rate, and a lithium plating rate from the ROM;

generate a charging protocol based on the SOC and a required SOC; and

apply the charging protocol to the lithium ion battery through the charger wherein the controller is further configured to:

calculate a charging rate (C rate) based on the calculated SOC and the required SOC from a predetermined SOC and C rate relationship; and

perform a constant current (CC) charging with the calculated C rate until at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or a terminal voltage reaches a predetermined threshold.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the controller is further configured to:

determine whether at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or a terminal voltage reaches a predetermined threshold when the CC charging with the calculated C rate is performed;

recalculate the C rate based on the calculated SOC and the required SOC from the predetermined SOC and C rate relationship when at least one of the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate or a terminal voltage is determined to reach the predetermined threshold; and

perform the CC charging with the recalculated C rate.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the controller is configured to:

correct the ROM with an extended Kalman filter (EKF).

16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the controller is further configured to:

calculate a lithium stripping rate from the ROM; and

update the predetermined SOC and C rate relationship based on the side reaction rate, the lithium plating rate, and the lithium stripping rate.

17. The system of claim 13 , wherein the controller is further configured to:

apply negative pulses with a constant negative current when the calculated SOC is lower than or equal to a predetermined SOC while performing the CC charging with the calculated C rate.

18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the controller, when the negative pulses with the constant negative current is applied, is further configured to:

apply a constant positive current corresponding to the calculated C rate to the lithium ion battery for a first period; and

apply a constant negative current to the lithium ion battery for a second period.