Gallium nitride cross-gap light emitters based on unipolar-doped tunneling structures
Gallium nitride based devices and, more particularly to the generation of holes in gallium nitride based devices lacking p-type doping, and their use in light emitting diodes and lasers, both edge emitting and vertical emitting. By tailoring the intrinsic design, a wide range of wavelengths can be emitted from near-infrared to mid ultraviolet, depending upon the design of the adjacent cross-gap recombination zone. The innovation also provides for novel circuits and unique applications, particularly for water sterilization.
1. A method of sterilizing a sample comprising:
generating, by a plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes, a light emission; and
applying at least a portion of the light emission onto a sample having at least one pathogen;
wherein at least one concentration of the at least one pathogen is reduced;
wherein each of the plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes is one of a light emitting diode or a laser diode, and includes:
a bottom n-type layer;
a top n-type layer;
an undoped or n-type doped middle layer inserted between the top layer and bottom layer, where the middle layer comprises at least two materials which serve as one or more heterojunction tunnel barriers;
wherein the top layer and the middle layer, the bottom layer and the middle layer, or both form an interband tunnel barrier for electrons that generate holes by interband tunneling through a forbidden energy gap,
wherein the middle layer forms at least one intraband tunnel barrier to control the electron intraband tunneling within an active region of the light emitting diode or the laser diode; and
wherein the plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes is grown on a common substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 : wherein the light emission occurs from an n-doped AlGaN alloy layer having Al in the range 1-80%.
3. The method of claim 1 : wherein the plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes includes an n-type AlGaN emitter for a selected wavelength.
4. The method of claim 1 : wherein the light emission is created by a two-dimensional array of the plurality of unipolar-doped light emitting diodes radiating in the UV-C between approximately 240 and 280 nm.
5. The method of claim 1 : wherein the light emission is created by a two-dimensional array of the plurality of unipolar-doped light emitting diodes radiating in the UV-C between approximately 240 and 280 nm, and wherein the array is coupled to free space through a parabolic reflector, thereby creating a collimated output with high and uniform illumination intensity.
6. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the light emission is applied to the sample at an intensity of at least 1 millijoule per square centimeter (1 mJ/cm 2 ).
7. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the light emission is applied to the sample at an intensity of at least 30 millijoule per square centimeter (30 mJ/cm 2 ).
8. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the light emission includes light having a wavelength from approximately 240 to 280 nanometers.
9. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the at least one pathogen includes a bacteria, a protozoan, an enteric virus, or a bacterial spore, or any pathogen containing one or more of DNA or RNA.
10. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the at least one pathogen includes at least one of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae , a Campylobacter species, Salmonella enterica , a species of genus Staphylococcus , a species of genus Streptococcus , a protozoan, and an influenza virus.
11. The method of sterilizing a sample according to claim 1 : wherein the sample further comprises water.
12. A transmission line relaxation oscillator comprising:
at least one resonant tunneling diode; and
a co-planar waveguide resonator comprising a co-planar waveguide;
wherein an end of the co-planar waveguide is a short;
wherein an electrical oscillation of the resonant tunneling diode is self-sustaining;
wherein the at least one resonant tunneling diode includes:
a plurality of unipolar doped tunneling diodes, each of which is one of a light emitting diode or a laser diode, and includes:
a bottom n-type layer;
a top n-type layer;
an undoped or n-type doped middle layer inserted between the top layer and bottom layer, where the middle layer comprises at least two materials which serve as one or more heterojunction tunnel barriers;
wherein the top layer and the middle layer, the bottom layer and the middle layer, or both form an interband tunnel barrier for electrons that generate holes by interband Zener tunneling through a forbidden energy gap,
wherein the middle layer forms at least one intraband tunnel barrier to control the electron intraband tunneling within an active region of the light emitting diode or the laser diode; and
wherein each of the plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes is grown on a common substrate.
13. The transmission line relaxation oscillator according to claim 12 : further comprising a bias circuit configured to controllably cause the resonant tunneling diode to emit light.
14. The transmission line relaxation oscillator according to claim 12 : wherein the electrical oscillations turns the resonant-tunneling diode light emitter from off-to-on, creating a square-wave like light-emission behavior of an optical clock.
15. The method of claim 1 : wherein the at least one unipolar doped light emitting diode or laser diode exhibits a negative differential resistance.
16. The method of claim 1 : wherein the plurality of diodes are at least partially contained within an instrument configured to be hand held and wherein the light emission is collimated.
17. The method of claim 1 : wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of water, food, surfaces, and objects.
18. The method of claim 1 : wherein the substrate includes GaN, AlN, sapphire, or Si.
19. The method of claim 4 : wherein the plurality of unipolar-doped tunneling diodes are arranged in parallel on the substrate.
20. The method of claim 16 : wherein the hand held instrument has a pistol shaped configuration.