Carbon nanotube-based thermal interface materials and methods of making and using thereof
Single-layer CNT composites and multilayered or multitiered structures formed therefrom, by stacking of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Such multilayered or multitiered structures can be used as thermal interface materials (TIMs) for a variety of applications, such as burn-in testing.
1. A method for making contact to a device under test with a thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate having an adhesive surface, the method comprising the steps of:
attaching the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate to the device under test;
engaging the device under test with a pressure of at least 10 psi and an engagement temperature of less than 150° C.;
holding the device under test under the pressure of at least 10 psi for at least 5 minutes; and
disengaging and re-engaging the device under test for at least 1 to 5 engagement cycles of powering up of the device under test;
wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate remains attached to the device under test and is capable of being packaged with the device under test.
2. The method of claim 1 , where the device under test is tested at a temperature of between about −55° C. to 140° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate adds between 0.05 and 1.5 cm 2 K/W of thermal resistance.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate has an in-plane thermal conductivity that is between 100 and 1,700 W/mK to spread heat from local hot spots on the device under test.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate has a thermal mass and thermal conductivity through a plane which is greater than 1 W/m K.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is compressed to at least 5% of its original thickness with an applied pressure of less than 100 psi.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is between about 10 and 10,000 micrometers in thickness.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate adds between 0.001 and 10 Ohms per cm 2 .
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is less than about 100 microns in thickness.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a vertically aligned carbon nanotube array grown on one or both sides of a metal or graphite foil or sheet.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a multilayer stack of vertically aligned carbon nanotube array grown on one or both sides of a metal or graphite foil or sheet, wherein the number of layers is between 1 and 20.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is attached permanently or semi-permanently to a heat sink or a heat spreader through the use of a conformal coating of a thermoplastic adhesive, where the addition of the thermoplastic adhesive does not increase thermal resistance of the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate, as compared to the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate without adhesive.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adhesive surface comprises a peel and stick adhesive and/or thermally activated adhesive.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a coated carbon nanotube array thermal interface material (TIM).
15. A method for making contact to a device under test with a thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate having an adhesive surface, the method comprising the steps of:
attaching the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate directly to a thermal or electrical unit head to cover an area of the thermal or electrical unit head completely or matching a size of the device under test;
engaging the thermal or electrical unit head to the attached thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate to the device under test with a pressure of at least 10 psi and an engagement temperature of less than 150° C.; and
holding the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate to the device under test under the pressure of at least 10 psi for at least five minutes; and
disengaging and re-engaging the device under test for at least 1,500 engagement cycles of powering up of the device under test.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein 10,000 to 100,000 engagement cycles are performed, without removing the attached thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate or having to clean debris or marks from the device under test.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the adhesive surface of the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is treated or modified to prevent mechanical sticking between the thermal or electrical unit head and the device under test.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate has an in-plane thermal conductivity that is between 100 and 1,700 W/mK to spread heat from local hot spots on the device under test.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate has a thermal mass and thermal conductivity through a plane which is greater than 1 W/m K.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is compressed to at least 5% of its original thickness with an applied pressure of less than 100 psi.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is between about 10 to 10,000 micrometers in thickness.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a vertically aligned carbon nanotube array grown on one or both sides of a metal or graphite foil or sheet.
23. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a multilayer stack of vertically aligned carbon nanotube array grown on one or both sides of a metal or graphite foil or sheet, wherein the number of layers is between 1 and 20.
24. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is attached permanently or semi-permanently to either a heat sink or a heat spreader through the use of a conformal coating of a thermoplastic adhesive, where the addition of the thermoplastic adhesive does not increase thermal resistance of the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate, as compared to the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate without adhesive.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein the adhesive surface comprises a peel and stick adhesive and/or thermally activated adhesive.
26. The method of claim 15 , wherein an adhesive surface adhesive does not add thermal or electrical resistance to the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate interface with the device under test or the thermal or electrical unit head.
27. The method of claim 15 , wherein the thermally conductive and/or electrically conductive, mechanically compliant substrate is a coated carbon nanotube array thermal interface material (TIM).