Plasma nitriding with PECVD coatings using hollow cathode ion immersion technology
Rapid plasma nitriding is achieved by harnessing the power and increased density of plasma discharges created by hollow cathodes. When opposing surfaces are maintained at the proper voltage, sub atmospheric pressure, and spacing, a phenomenon known as the hollow cathode effect creates additional hot oscillating electrons capable of multiple ionization events thereby increasing the number of ions and electrons per unit volume (plasma density). The present invention describes the harnessing of this phenomenon to rapidly plasma nitride metal surfaces and optionally rapidly deposit functional coatings in a continuous operation for duplex coatings.
1. A system for rapid plasma nitriding an interior surface, an external surface, or both of one or more conductive workpieces utilizing the hollow cathode effect, the system comprising:
a. at least one processing module comprising a conductive chamber, wherein the conductive chamber includes a movable door;
b. a gas module comprising a plasma nitriding gas comprising N 2 , the gas module operably coupled to the processing module and configured to deliver the plasma nitriding gas to the chamber;
c. a pressure module operably coupled to the processing module and configured to apply a vacuum to the chamber;
d. a power module comprising anodes and a DC power supply operably coupled to the processing module, wherein the power module is configured to negatively bias the chamber and workpieces therein as cathodes; and
e. a controller module operably coupled to the processing module, the gas module, the pressure module, and the power module, wherein the controller module has memory that stores computer readable instructions that, when executed by the controller module, causes the controller module to:
i. regulate vacuum in the chamber of the processing module;
ii. adjust gas flow of the plasma nitriding gas to the chamber of the processing module; and
iii. apply a negative pulse for biasing the one or more workpieces and the chamber as cathodes to establish hollow cathode conditions, thus generating a plasma of the plasma nitriding gas to uniformly nitride the workpieces.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a heat shield for controlling a temperature of the workpieces.
3. The system of claim 1 further configured to coat the nitrided workpieces with a coating without venting the chamber or exposing the workpieces to any contaminant.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the gas module further comprises reactive gases for coating deposition.
5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the coating is a diamond like carbon (DLC), silicon carbide, multilayer DLC with silicon based adhesion layer, or a multi-layer DLC with a metal based adhesion layer.
6. The system of claim 3 , wherein the coating is doped with N, Ge, Si, O, V, Cr, W, Ta, Ti, Co, Al, or a combination thereof.
7. The system of claim 1 further configured to deposit crystalline diamond either in addition to the plasma nitriding step or directly on the workpieces.
8. A method for treating an interior surface, an external surface, or both of one or more conductive workpieces, said method comprising:
a. providing the system according to claim 1 ;
b. cleaning the workpieces in preparation for vacuum processing;
c. positioning the workpieces inside the chamber;
d. evacuating the chamber to a vacuum pressure;
e. introducing the plasma nitriding gas comprising N 2 into the chamber and adjusting the pressure for plasma nitriding; and
f. applying a biasing voltage between the workpieces and the chamber and the anode so as to establish a hollow cathode effect and generate a plasma, thereby plasma nitriding the surfaces of the workpieces.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising depositing a duplex coating onto the nitrided surfaces of the workpieces, comprising introducing one or more reactive gases for coating deposition, adjusting the pressure, and applying a biasing voltage between the workpieces and the chamber and the anode so as to establish a hollow cathode effect and generate a plasma, thereby coating the nitrided surfaces.
10. A system for rapid plasma nitriding an interior surface, an external surface, or both of one or more conductive workpieces utilizing the hollow cathode effect, the system comprising:
a. two or more processing modules, each comprising a conductive chamber, wherein the conductive chamber includes a movable door, wherein each processing module is configured to operate individually such that the chamber of one processing module is independent of the chamber of another processing module, wherein when at least one of the processing modules is processing a first set of workpieces positioned within the chamber, the other processing module is available for loading or unloading a second set of workpieces or for receiving maintenance, thereby increasing throughput of the system;
b. a gas module comprising a plasma nitriding gas comprising N 2 , the gas module operably coupled to the processing module and configured to deliver the plasma nitriding gas only to the chamber being used for processing the workpieces;
c. a pressure module operably coupled to each of the processing modules, configured to apply a vacuum only to the chamber being used for processing the workpieces;
d. a power module comprising anodes operably coupled to each of the processing modules and a DC power supply operably coupled to each of the processing modules, wherein the power module is configured to negatively bias the chamber and workpieces therein as cathodes; and
e. a controller module operably coupled to the two or more processing modules, the gas module, the pressure module, and the power module, wherein the controller module has memory that stores computer readable instructions that, when executed by the controller module, causes the controller module to:
i. select which processing module is being used for coating the workpieces;
ii. regulate vacuum of the chamber of the selected processing module;
iii. adjust gas flow of the plasma nitriding gas to the chamber of the selected processing module; and
iv. apply a negative pulse for biasing the one or more workpieces and the chamber as cathodes to establish hollow cathode conditions, thus generating a plasma of the plasma nitriding gas to uniformly nitride the workpieces.
11. A method for treating an interior surface, an external surface, or both of one or more conductive workpieces, said method comprising:
a. providing the system according to claim 10 ;
b. cleaning the workpieces in preparation for vacuum processing;
c. positioning the workpieces inside the chamber;
d. evacuating the chamber to a vacuum pressure;
e. introducing the plasma nitriding gas comprising N 2 into the chamber and adjusting the pressure for plasma nitriding; and
f. applying a biasing voltage between the workpieces and the chamber and the anode so as to establish a hollow cathode effect and generate a plasma, thereby plasma nitriding the surfaces of the workpieces.
12. The system of claim 10 further comprising a heat shield for controlling a temperature of the workpieces.
13. The system of claim 10 further configured to coat the nitrided workpieces with a coating in the chamber being used for processing the workpieces, without venting said chamber or exposing the workpieces to any contaminant.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the gas module further comprises reactive gases for coating deposition.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the coating is a diamond like carbon (DLC), silicon carbide, multilayer DLC with silicon based adhesion layer, or a multi-layer DLC with a metal based adhesion layer.
16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the coating is doped with N, Ge, Si, O, V, Cr, W, Ta, Ti, Co, Al, or a combination thereof.
17. The system of claim 10 further configured to deposit crystalline diamond either in addition to the plasma nitriding step or directly on the workpieces.