Replication competent attenuated vaccinia viruses with deletion of thymidine kinase with and without the expression of human FLT3L or GM-CSF for cancer immunotherapy
The present invention relates generally to the fields of oncology, virology and immunotherapy. More particularly, it concerns the use of poxviruses, specifically the replication competent attenuated vaccinia virus with deletion of thymidine kinase (VC-TK − ) with and without the expression of human Flt3L or GM-CSF as oncolytic and immunotherapy. The foregoing poxviruses can also be used in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents. The foregoing poxviruses can also be inactivated via Heat or UV-treatment and the inactivated virus can be used as immunotherapy either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents.
1. A method for eliciting an immune response in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising delivering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a recombinant vaccinia virus selected from the group consisting of: (i) E3LΔ83N-TK − -hFlt3L; (ii) E3LΔ83N-TK − ; (iii) E3LΔ83N-TK − -GM-CSF; and (iv) combinations thereof, wherein the virus is in replicative or inactivated form.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus comprises E3LΔ83N-TK − -hFlt3L in replicative or inactivated form.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein eliciting the immune response in the subject comprises one or more of the following immunological effects selected from:
increased activation of CD8 + T cells;
increased activation of CD4 + T cells; and
increased CD103 + dendritic cells.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus is delivered to the subject parenterally, intravenously, intratumorally, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, or intracranially.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus is heat-inactivated.
6. A method for treating a malignant solid tumor in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising delivering to the cells of the tumor a recombinant vaccinia virus in replicative or inactivated form selected from the group consisting of: (i) E3LΔ83N-TK − -hFlt3L; (ii) E3LΔ83N-TK − ; (iii) E3LΔ83N-TK − -GM-CSF; and (iv) combinations thereof, in an amount effective to induce the immune system of the subject to mount an immune response against the tumor.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus comprises E3LΔ83N-TK − -hFlt3L in replicative or inactivated form.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the tumor is primary or metastatic melanoma, breast carcinoma, or colon carcinoma.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the immune response is systemic.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the immune response is effective to accomplish one or more of the following: reduction of the size of the tumor; eradication of the tumor; inhibition of growth of the tumor; inhibition of metastasis of the tumor; or reduction or eradication of metastatic tumor.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the tumor includes tumor located at the site of delivery, or tumor located at the site of delivery and elsewhere in the body of the subject.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein the immune response comprises one or more of the following:
increase in cytotoxic CD8 + T cells within the tumor and/or in tumor-draining lymph nodes;
induction of maturation of dendritic cells infiltrating the tumor through induction of type I IFN;
induction of activated CD4 + effector T cells in the subject recognizing tumor cells within the tumor or systemically; and
increase of CD103 + dendritic cells in non-injected tumors of the subject.
13. The method of claim 6 , further comprising conjointly administering an immune checkpoint blocking agent in an amount effective to block immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor elicited by tumor cells, stromal cells, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent comprises CTLA-4 inhibitors, CD80 inhibitors, CD86 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, PD-L2 inhibitors, LAG3 inhibitors, B7-H3 inhibitors, B7-H4 inhibitors, TIM3 inhibitors, ICOS inhibitors, II DLBCL inhibitors, BTLA inhibitors, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, MEDI4736, MSB 00107180, or any combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 6 , wherein the subject has been previously treated or dosed with an amount of an immune checkpoint blocking agent effective to block immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor elicited by tumor cells, stromal cells, or tumor infiltrating immune cells.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the immune checkpoint blocking agent comprises CTLA-4 inhibitors, CD80 inhibitors, CD86 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, PD-L2 inhibitors, LAG3 inhibitors, B7-H3 inhibitors, B7-H4 inhibitors, TIM3 inhibitors, ICOS inhibitors, II DLBCL inhibitors, BTLA inhibitors, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, MEDI4736, MSB 00107180, or any combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 6 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus is delivered to the subject parenterally, intravenously, intratumorally, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, or intracranially.
18. The method of claim 6 , further comprising combining the treatment with an additional treatment modality comprising surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and/or radiation.
19. The method of claim 6 , wherein the recombinant vaccinia virus is heat-inactivated.