Method of making a fuel cell and treating a component thereof
Herein disclosed is a method of treating a component of a fuel cell, which includes the step of exposing the component of the fuel cell to a source of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The component comprises a first material. The EMR has a wavelength ranging from 10 to 1500 nm and the EMR has a minimum energy density of 0.1 Joule/cm2. Preferably, the treatment process has one or more of the following effects: heating, drying, curing, sintering, annealing, sealing, alloying, evaporating, restructuring, foaming. In an embodiment, the substrate is a component in a fuel cell. Such component comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, a catalyst, a barrier layer, a interconnect, a reformer, or reformer catalyst. In an embodiment, the substrate is a layer in a fuel cell or a portion of a layer in a fuel cell or a combination of layers in a fuel cell or a combination of partial layers in a fuel cell.
1. A method of treating a component, the method comprising:
exposing said component to a source of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) such that at least a portion of the component is sintered, wherein the component consists of a material selected from the group consisting of Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 8YSZ (8 mol % YSZ powder), gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC or CGO), Samaria-doped ceria (SDC), Scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ), Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (LSC), Lanthanum Strontium Gallium Magnesium Oxide (LSGM), nickel oxide (NiO), Cu 2 O, CuO, lanthanum chromite, doped lanthanum chromite, and combinations thereof;
wherein the source of EMR is a xenon lamp, and wherein the EMR has a wavelength ranging from 10 to 1500 nm and the EMR has a minimum energy density of 0.1 Joule/cm 2 ; and
wherein the material is in dry particulate form when sintered by the xenon lamp.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated component has no cracking.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising controlling at least one of the following:
distance from the electromagnetic radiation to the component;
energy density of the electromagnetic radiation;
voltage of the electromagnetic radiation;
spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation;
exposure volume of the component;
exposure location of the component;
duration of exposure;
burst frequency; and
number of exposures.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising at least one step selected from the group consisting of screen printing, tape casting, spraying, sputtering, physical vapor deposition, and additive manufacturing.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein additive manufacturing comprises material jetting, binder jetting, inkjet printing, aerosol jetting, or aerosol jet printing, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, directed energy deposition, sheet lamination, ultrasonic inkjet printing, or combinations thereof.
6. A method of making a fuel cell comprising heating a material using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) such that at least a portion of the material is sintered, wherein the EMR is provided by a xenon lamp;
wherein the heated material forms a part of the fuel cell;
wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 8YSZ (8 mol % YSZ powder), gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC or CGO), Samaria-doped ceria (SDC), Scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ), Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (LSC), Lanthanum Strontium Gallium Magnesium Oxide (LSGM), nickel oxide (NiO), Cu 2 O, CuO, lanthanum chromite, doped lanthanum chromite, and combinations thereof; and
wherein the material is in dry particulate form when sintered by the xenon lamp.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising depositing a composition containing the material on a substrate, wherein depositing comprises material jetting, binder jetting, inkjet printing, aerosol jetting, or aerosol jet printing, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, directed energy deposition, sheet lamination, ultrasonic inkjet printing, or combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein heating is performed in situ.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation is performed in no greater than 10,000 exposures.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a burst frequency of 10 −4 -1000 Hz.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation has an exposure distance of no greater than 50 mm.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation has an exposure duration no less than 0.1 ms.
13. The method of claim 6 , wherein the xenon lamp has a capacitor voltage of no less than 100V.
14. A method of making a fuel cell comprising heating a material in situ using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to cause at least a portion of the material to sinter, wherein the heated material is a part of the fuel cell, wherein the EMR is provided by a xenon lamp; and
wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 8YSZ (8 mol % YSZ powder), gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC or CGO), Samaria-doped ceria (SDC), Scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ), Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite (LSC), Lanthanum Strontium Gallium Magnesium Oxide (LSGM), nickel oxide (NiO), Cu 2 O, CuO, lanthanum chromite, doped lanthanum chromite, and combinations thereof; and
wherein the material is in dry particulate form when sintered by the xenon lamp.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising deposition a composition containing the material on a substrate, wherein depositing comprises material jetting, binder jetting, inkjet printing, aerosol jetting, or aerosol jet printing, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, directed energy deposition, sheet lamination, ultrasonic inkjet printing, or combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein depositing utilizes a multi-nozzle additive manufacturing method.