Diamond nanofibers and methods of making diamond nanofibers and large-size diamonds
The present disclosure provides methods for forming diamond nanostructures and diamonds from amorphous carbon nanostructures in ambient temperature and pressure by irradiating carbon nanostructures to an undercooled state and quenching the melted carbon to convert a portion of the nanostructure into diamond.
1. A method of forming diamond nanostructures, the method comprising:
providing carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, or a combination thereof, wherein the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes, or a combination thereof comprise carbon;
in an environment at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, irradiating tips of the carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, or a combination thereof with a laser pulse sufficient to melt at least a first portion of the carbon at the tip of the carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, or a combination thereof to an undercooled state; and
quenching the melted carbon from the undercooled state to convert at least the first portion of the carbon at the tip of the carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, or a combination thereof into a diamond nanostructure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof are on a substrate and are oriented normal to the substrate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof have a diameter of about 5 nm to over 1000 nm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanofibers have a diameter of about 50 nm or less.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof have a length of about 50 nm to 10 mm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser pulse is a nanosecond laser pulse.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein a duration of the laser pulse is about 10-20 ns.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser pulse has a wavelength of about 157 nm to 308 nm.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein a duration of the quenching is about 200 nanoseconds.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying subsequent laser pulses to the nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof sufficient to convert additional portions into diamond nanostructures extending from the tip toward a base of the nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein about 2 to 200 laser pulses are applied to the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein diamond nanostructures form on the surface of the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof and are oriented normal to the surface of the carbon nanostructures nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof comprise a nanofiber and further comprising applying subsequent laser pulses sufficient to convert the entire carbon nanofiber into a diamond nanofiber.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanofibers, nanotubes or combination thereof comprise a nanotube and forms a diamond nanoneedle or microneedle.
15. A method of forming diamond nanostructures, the method comprising:
providing carbon nanostructures in the form of carbon nanofibers and/or carbon nanotubes comprising carbon;
in an environment at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, irradiating tips the carbon nanostructures with a laser pulse sufficient to melt at least a first portion of the carbon nanostructure at the tips to an undercooled state;
quenching the melted first portion from the undercooled state to convert at least the first portion into diamond; and
repeating the melting and quenching steps to convert additional portions of the carbon nanostructure into diamond extending from the tip toward a base of the nanofibers and/or nanotubes.
16. A method of forming diamond, the method comprising:
providing diamond nanostructures formed by the method of claim 1 comprising laser-annealed diamond-carbon nanostructures, and performing hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) of the laser-annealed diamond-carbon nanostructures to form diamond crystallites.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the HFCVD is performed with 2.0% CH 4 in H 2 .
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein HFCVD is performed at a substrate temperature of about 800K-1200K and a filament temperature of about 2000K-2500K.