Monolithic composite photocatalysts

1. A monolithic composite photocatalyst, comprising titania or titania-based photoactive nanocrystals and a non-photoactive porous support for the photoactive nanocrystals, said monolithic composite photocatalyst having all of the following characteristics: (a) greater than 90% discrete photoactive nanocrystals or photoactive nanocrystal aggregates have a size less than or equal to 5 nm; (b) monolithic composite photocatalyst N 2 BET surface area is in the range 10-900 m 2 /g; and (c) mesopores having pores in the size range of 2-50 nm.

2. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein photoactive nanocrystal loading in the monolithic composite photocatalyst is 1-25% by mass.

3. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein photoactive nanocrystal loading in the monolithic composite photocatalyst is 10-20% by mass.

4. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the N 2 BET surface area is in the range 90-600 m 2 /g.

5. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the mesopores are in the range 6-40 nm.

6. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the photoactive nanocrystal component is at least 80% titania by mass.

7. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein micropores are present in the range 0.5-2 nm.

8. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the total pore volume is 0.1-1.5 cc/g.

9. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein greater than 75% of the titania photoactive component is the anatase crystal phase.

10. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , comprising less than 2% carbon residue by weight.

11. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , comprising spheres less than 800 micron with attrition less than 3 wt %/h.

12. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , which is activated with light at wavelengths shorter than 410 nm.

13. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , which is activated with light at wavelengths longer than 410 nm.

14. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the non-photoactive porous support component is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia, zeolite, silicalite, silica-alumina, aluminosilicate, and combinations thereof.

15. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , having a shape of monolith, block, brick, bar, disc, columnar, honeycomb, channeled block, fibrous wool, felt, fabric, sponge, mat, particulate, tablet, pellet, extrudate, or bead forms.

16. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the titania photoactive nanocrystals are modified with an element chosen from the groups of lanthanides, noble metals, or non-metals, thereby improving the efficiency of light activation at wavelengths longer than 400 nm.

17. A monolithic composite photocatalyst, comprising photoactive nanocrystals and a non-photoactive porous support for the photoactive nanocrystals, said photoactive nanocrystals comprising titania or titania-based nanocrystals and an inorganic sensitizer, and said monolithic composite photocatalyst having all of the following characteristics: (a) greater than 90% discrete photoactive nanocrystals or photoactive nanocrystal aggregates have a size less than or equal to 5 nm; (b) monolithic composite photocatalyst N 2 BET surface area is in the range 10-900 m 2 /g; and (c) mesopore size in the range 2-50 nm.

18. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 17 , wherein the photoactive nanocrystals comprise titania and the inorganic sensitizer Bi 2 O 3 , Ag 2 O or CuO.

19. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 17 , wherein the photoactive nanocrystals comprise titania and more than one inorganic sensitizer.

20. The monolithic composite photocatalyst of claim 17 , wherein the sensitizer is present in the photoactive nanocrystal component at less than 25 mole % relative to the titania.

21. A photocatalytic fluid purification system comprising a monolithic composite photocatalyst in a photoreactor, wherein the monolithic composite photocatalyst comprises titania or titania-based photoactive nanocrystals and a non-photoactive porous support for the photoactive nanocrystals, said monolithic composite photocatalyst having all of the following characteristics: (a) greater than 90% discrete photoactive nanocrystals or photoactive nanocrystal aggregates have a size less than or equal to 5 nm; (b) monolithic composite photocatalyst N 2 BET surface area is in the range 10-900 m 2 /g; and (c) mesopores in the range 2-50 nm, and said photocatalytic purification system is configured for contacting a portion of the monolithic composite photocatalyst with an impurity-containing fluid stream in a location where the portion of the monolithic composite photocatalyst is illuminated with UV or visible-light.

22. The photocatalytic fluid purification system of claim 21 , further utilizing thermal energy in addition to UV or visible-light photocatalytic illumination to affect or enhance mineralization or chemical transformations.

23. The photocatalytic fluid purification system of claim 21 , further incorporating a photocatalyst regeneration capability.

24. The photocatalytic fluid purification system of claim 21 , further utilizing a packed, moving, ebullated or fluidized bed.

25. An antimicrobial surface, comprising a polymer matrix and monolithic composite photocatalyst, said monolithic composite photocatalyst comprising photoactive nanocrystals and a non-photoactive porous support for the photoactive nanocrystals, said photoactive nanocrystals comprising titania or titania-based nanocrystals and an inorganic sensitizer, and said monolithic composite photocatalyst having all of the following characteristics: (a) greater than 90% discrete photoactive nanocrystals or photoactive nanocrystal aggregates have a size less than or equal to 5 nm; (b) monolithic composite photocatalyst N 2 BET surface area is in the range 10-900 m 2 /g; and (c) mesopore size in the range 2-50 nm.