Navigated percutaneous lumbar and thoracic spine facet fusion

1. A system for percutaneous or open facet joint fusion, the system comprising:

an imaging system configured to identify a docking location on a facet joint between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a patient;

a computing system in communication with the imaging system, wherein the computing system is configured to determine a docking angle at which to position a cannula at the docking location, wherein the docking angle is specific to the patient and is determined based on analysis of the facet joint of the patient;

the cannula, wherein the cannula is configured to be positioned at the docking location on the facet joint at the docking angle; and

a rotary tool that is configured to mount within the cannula, wherein the rotary tool is configured to create a void in the facet joint by way of the cannula, and wherein the void is configured to receive a bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cannula includes one or more markers, and wherein the imaging system is configured to identify the one or more markers when the cannula is positioned within the patient.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the cannula includes an actuator configured to move the one or more markers.

4. The system of claim 3 , further comprising a computing system in communication with the imaging system, wherein the computing system is configured to activate the actuator to move the one or more markers based at least in part on the docking location on the facet joint.

5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the one or more markers is mounted on a navigation arm that is attached to an exterior surface of the cannula.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the navigation arm includes a plurality of arms, and wherein each of the one or more markers is mounted to an arm in the plurality of arms.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the rotary tool includes one or more markers mounted thereto, and wherein the imaging system is configured to identify the one or more markers on the rotary tool.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging system is configured to display a position of the cannula relative to one or more anatomical features of the patient such that the cannula can be docked without damage to the one or more anatomical features.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising the bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the bone graft or bone growth promoting material is configured for placement through the cannula and into the void.

11. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a tamp that is configured to fit within the cannula such that the bone graft or bone growth promoting material can be forced into the void.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cannula includes one or more first markers and the rotary tool includes one or more second markers that differ from the one or more first markers, and wherein the imaging system is configured to distinguish between the one or more first markers and the one or more second markers.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging system is configured to identify one or more biological markers within the patient and one or more markers mounted to the cannula, and wherein the imaging system is configured to display the positional relationship between the one or more biological markers and the one or more markers.

14. A method for performing percutaneous or open facet joint fusion, the method comprising:

identifying, by an imaging system, a docking location on a facet joint between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a patient;

determining, by a computing system in communication with the imaging system, a docking angle at which to dock a cannula at the docking location, wherein the docking angle is specific to the patient and is determined based on analysis of the facet joint of the patient;

docking the cannula at the docking location on the facet joint at the docking angle; and

creating, by a rotary tool that is configured to mount within the cannula, a void in the facet joint, wherein the void is configured to receive a bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cannula includes one or more markers, and further comprising identifying, by the imaging system, the one or more markers when the cannula is positioned within the patient.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cannula includes an actuator, and further comprising moving, by the actuator, the one or more markers from a first position to a second position.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein placing the bone graft or bone growth promoting material into the void comprises forcing the bone graft or bone growth promoting material through the cannula and into the void.

18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising displaying, by the imaging system, a position of the cannula relative to one or more anatomical features of the patient such that the cannula can be docked without damage to the one or more anatomical features.