Integrated freeform optical couplers
Reflecting light beams off of microscale three-dimensional (3D) freeform surfaces can yield highly efficient coupling into and out of optical waveguides, optical fibers, and photonic chips. The structure of the 3D freeform reflective surface determines the shape of the reflected beam. This allows freeform reflectors to control the mode profile, rotation angle, and divergence angle of light beams. Control of beam shape enables mode matching between source output mode and target input mode, which results in low-loss optical coupling. An inventive freeform reflective surface can direct light beams in plane or out of plane via specular reflection or total internal reflection. A photonic integrated circuit with this type of freeform optical coupler can operate with a bandwidth range of at least 400 nm, potentially encompassing all visible or telecommunications wavelengths, and can be volume manufactured in photonic chips.
1. A photonic integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
a waveguide, integrated with the substrate, to guide a beam of light;
a coupler formed in optical communication with an end of the waveguide, the coupler having an input/output face and a freeform surface to redirect the beam of light between the end of the waveguide and the input/output face; and
a solid material, having a refractive index lower than a refractive index of the coupler and bordering the freeform surface, to enhance structural stability of the coupler and to reflect the beam of light incident on the freeform surface.
2. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the end of the waveguide is tapered and the coupler is formed at least partially over the end of the waveguide.
3. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the coupler is configured to couple the beam of light between the waveguide and the input/output face with an insertion loss of less than about 0.25 dB.
4. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the coupler is configured to couple the beam of light between the waveguide and the input/output face over a wavelength range of about 400 nm.
5. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the coupler comprises at least one of a polymer, glass, or silicon.
6. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the freeform surface is a section of a quadric surface.
7. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the freeform surface has a shape based on an interference pattern formed by two beams of light.
8. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the freeform surface is configured to redirect the beam of light with a prescribed beam pattern outside the waveguide.
9. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the freeform surface has a focal point outside the waveguide.
10. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the freeform surface is configured to collimate the beam of light.
11. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the input/output face is in a plane parallel to the substrate.
12. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the input/output face is tilted at an angle with respect to the substrate.
13. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , further comprising:
a metal coating on the freeform surface.
14. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is a first waveguide in a first layer of the photonic integrated circuit, and further comprising:
a second waveguide, in a second layer of the photonic integrated circuit, to receive the beam of light from the first waveguide via the input/output face of the coupler.
15. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is a first waveguide, the coupler is a first coupler, the input/output face is a first input/output face, and the freeform surface is a first freeform surface, and further comprising:
a second coupler having a second input/output face in optical communication with the first input/output face, the second coupler having a second freeform surface to reflect the beam of light between the first coupler and a second waveguide.
16. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 15 , wherein the first freeform surface and the second freeform surface form sections of a quadric surface.
17. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 15 , wherein the substrate is a first substrate and the second waveguide is integrated with a second substrate disposed on the first substrate.
18. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is a first waveguide, the beam of light is a first beam of light, the coupler is a first coupler, the input/output face is a first input/output face, and the freeform surface is a first freeform surface configured to reshape and/or redirect the first beam of light to a point outside the first waveguide via the first input/output face, and further comprising:
a second waveguide, integrated with the substrate, to guide a second beam of light; and
a second coupler in optical communication with the second waveguide, the second coupler having a second input/output face and a second freeform surface to reshape and/or redirect the second beam of light to the point outside the second waveguide via the second input/output face.
19. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 18 , further comprising:
a micro-optical element positioned near the focal spot or pattern formed by one or multiple beams emitted from the waveguides.
20. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 19 , wherein the micro-optical element is a microsphere.
21. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 19 , wherein the micro-optical element is a free-form optical structure.
22. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the coupler is one of a plurality of couplers configured to form a beam pattern on a sample surface.
23. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 22 , further comprising:
a micro-optical element, in optical communication with the plurality of couplers, to produce local field enhancement of the beam pattern.
24. A photonic integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
a waveguide, integrated with the substrate, to guide a beam of light;
a coupler formed in direct contact with an end of the waveguide, the coupler having an input/output face and a freeform surface to redirect the beam of light between the end of the waveguide and the input/output face; and
an optical fiber, butt-coupled to the input/output face, to guide the beam of light to and/or from the input/output face.
25. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 24 , further comprising:
alignment features, formed in the input/output face and in a facet of the optical fiber mated to the input/output face, to align the optical fiber to the input/output face.
26. A photonic integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
an array of waveguides, integrated with the substrate, to guide light;
an array of couplers, each coupler in the array of couplers being formed in direct contact with an end of a corresponding waveguide in the array of waveguides and having a corresponding freeform surface to redirect light; and
optical waveguides, butt-coupled to the array of couplers, to guide the light to and/or from the array of couplers.
27. A photonic integrated circuit comprising:
a substrate;
a waveguide, integrated with the substrate, to guide a beam of light; and
an in-plane coupler, formed in optical communication with an end of the waveguide, to bend light in a plane of the substrate, the in-plane coupler having a sidewall perpendicular to the plane and following a freeform curve in the plane.