Proteomic assay using quantum sensors
Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.
1. A device for detecting label-free target analytes, comprising:
a surface configured to contact a fluid;
an array of discrete regions on the surface, each discrete region containing exactly one capture reagent configured to bind to a specific label-free target analyte;
wherein the capture reagent is associated with exactly one color center located proximate the surface, and the color center is associated with exactly one detector configured to detect a change in a property of the color center in response to binding of a label-free target analyte to the capture reagent.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the label-free target analytes are proteins, and the capture reagents are aptamers.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having at least one 5-position modified pyrimidine.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a surface of a diamond crystal, and the color centers are nitrogen-vacancy centers of the diamond crystal.
5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the diamond crystal is a single-crystal diamond.
6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an optical source configured to irradiate the color centers with radiation having a first range of wavelengths, and wherein the detector is configured to detect radiation having a second range of wavelengths.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the property is associated with a magnetic resonance of the color centers.
8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a magnetic field source to apply an external magnetic field, and a microwave source configured to provide microwave radiation having a range of frequencies including a resonant frequency of sublevels of an electronic ground state of the color centers.
9. A device for detecting label-free target analytes, comprising:
a surface configured to contact a fluid;
an array of discrete regions on the surface, each discrete region containing a collection of multiple capture reagents each configured to bind to a specific label-free target analyte;
wherein the collection of capture reagents is associated with a collection of multiple color centers located proximate the surface, and the collection of color centers is associated with exactly one detector configured to detect a change in a property of one or more of the color centers in response to binding of a label-free target analyte to one or more of the capture reagents.
10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the capture reagents each include a magnetic spin label, and a magnetic field at one of the color center changes in response to binding a label-free target analyte to one of the capture reagents.
11. The device of claim 9 , wherein the detector is configured to irradiate the color centers with microwave radiation having a frequency capable of inducing conversion of ground-state electrons in the color centers from a first sub-state to a second sub-state.
12. The device of claim 9 , wherein the surface is a diamond film, and the color center is a nitrogen vacancy center.
13. The device of claim 9 , wherein binding of one of the label-free target analytes to one of the capture reagents produces a detectable change in the emission of electromagnetic radiation from one of the color centers by changing an interaction between a spin label of the capture reagent and the color center.
14. The device of claim 9 , wherein the label-free target analytes are proteins, and the capture reagents are aptamers.
15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having at least one 5-position modified pyrimidine.
16. A device for detecting label-free target analytes, comprising:
a surface configured to contact a fluid;
an array of discrete regions on the surface, each discrete region containing a collection of multiple capture reagents each configured to bind to a specific label-free target analyte;
wherein the collection of capture reagents is associated with exactly one color center located proximate the surface, and the color center is associated with exactly one detector configured to detect a change in a property of the color center in response to binding of a label-free target analyte to one or more of the capture reagents.
17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the label-free target analytes are proteins, and the capture reagents are aptamers.
18. The device of claim 17 , wherein the aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having at least one 5-position modified pyrimidine.
19. The device of claim 16 , wherein the surface is a diamond film, and the color center is a nitrogen vacancy center.
20. The device of claim 16 , wherein binding of one of the label-free target analytes to one of the capture reagents produces a detectable change in the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the color center by changing an interaction between a spin label of the capture reagent and the color center.