Methods for prediction of anti-TNF α drug levels and autoantibody formation
In some aspects, the present invention provides methods for predicting whether a subject will develop autoantibodies to an anti-TNFα drug during the course of anti-TNFα drug therapy. In other aspects, the present invention provides methods for predicting the level of an anti-TNFα drug in a subject during the course of anti-TNFα drug therapy. Systems for predicting anti-TNFα drug levels and the likelihood of autoantibody formation during the course of anti-TNFα drug therapy are also provided herein. The present invention further provides methods for predicting a clinical outcome (e.g., endoscopic response) of a subject on anti-TNFα drug therapy.
1. A method for predicting whether a subject having an inflammatory bowel disease will later develop autoantibodies to an anti-TNFα drug during a course of therapy with the anti-TNFα drug, the method comprising determining one or more predictor variables comprising (i) a level of IL-8 and a level of the anti-TNFα drug, (ii) a level of IL-8 and a TNFα/drug ratio, (iii) a level of IL-8, (iv) a TNFα/drug ratio, (v) a level of the anti-TNFα drug and a TNFα/drug ratio, or (vi) a level of IL-8, a level of the anti-TNFα drug, and a TNFα/drug in one or more samples obtained from the subject at least 24 hours following induction with the anti-TNFα drug;
comparing the one or more predictor variables to a reference level for each of the one or more predictor variables;
predicting the subject will develop autoantibodies to the anti-TNFα drug based on the one or more predictor variables compared to the reference level for each of the one or more predictor variables; and
administering a modified dose of the anti-TNFα drug to the subject, administering a different type of the anti-TNFα drug to the subject, or administering an immunosuppressive agent to the subject.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has ulcerative colitis (UC).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more samples is obtained from the subject 24 hours following induction with the anti-TNFα drug.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the autoantibodies are predicted to develop within 6 weeks following induction with the anti-TNFα drug.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises applying a statistical analysis on the one or more predictor variables.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the statistical analysis predicts whether the subject will later develop autoantibodies to the anti-TNFα drug.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more samples is obtained from the subject 2 weeks following induction with the anti-TNFα drug.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more samples is obtained from the subject at least 2 weeks following induction with the anti-TNFα drug.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is whole blood, serum, or plasma.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunosuppressive agent comprises methotrexate or azathioprine.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-TNFα drug comprises etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, or infliximab.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-TNFα drug comprises infliximab.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the autoantibodies comprise human anti-chimeric antibodies, human anti-humanized antibodies, or human anti-mouse antibodies.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining two or three of the one or more predictor variables, wherein the two or three of the one or more predictor variables are obtained in two or three separate samples obtained from the subject.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the separate samples are obtained from the subject at separate time points following induction with the anti-TNFα drug.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising predicting that the subject will later develop autoantibodies to the anti-TNFα drug.