High-temperature, irradiation-resistant thermocouple, coaxial thermocouple, and related methods
A coaxial thermocouple includes a wire, an insulation layer surrounding the wire, a sheath surrounding the insulation layer, and an electrical junction formed between the wire and the sheath and at one longitudinal end of the coaxial thermocouple, the electrical junction including a swaged end with an outer diameter of the sheath reducing in diameter along a longitudinal length of the coaxial thermocouple until the sheath contacts the wire within the insulation layer. The wire includes a first material and the sheath includes a second material where the first material includes one of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb) and the second material includes the other of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb).
1. A coaxial thermocouple, comprising:
a wire;
an insulation layer surrounding the wire;
a sheath surrounding the insulation layer; and
an electrical junction formed between the wire and the sheath and at one longitudinal end of the coaxial thermocouple, the electrical junction comprising a swaged end with an outer diameter of the sheath reducing in diameter along a longitudinal length of the coaxial thermocouple until an inner diameter of the sheath is substantially the same as an outer diameter of the wire and the sheath contacts the wire within the insulation layer.
2. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 1 , wherein the wire comprises one of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb), and wherein the sheath comprises the other of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb).
3. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 1 , wherein an outer diameter of the coaxial thermocouple is within a range of about 0.1 mm and about 3.175 mm.
4. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 3 , wherein the outer diameter of the coaxial thermocouple is about 0.254 mm.
5. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 1 , wherein the coaxial thermocouple exhibits a polynomial fitted electromotive force curve of output voltage vs. temperature.
6. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 1 , wherein each of the wire and the sheath are doped with a dopant reducing a brittleness of the wire and the sheath.
7. A coaxial thermocouple, comprising:
a wire comprising a first material;
an insulation layer surrounding the wire;
a sheath surrounding the insulation layer, the sheath comprising a second material; and
an electrical junction formed between the wire and the sheath and at one longitudinal end of the coaxial thermocouple, the electrical junction comprising a swaged end with an outer diameter of the sheath reducing in diameter along a longitudinal length of the coaxial thermocouple until an inner diameter of the sheath is substantially the same as an outer diameter of the wire and the sheath contacts the wire;
wherein the first material comprises one of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb) and the second material comprises the other of molybdenum (Mo) or niobium (Nb).
8. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the wire comprises molybdenum (Mo) and the sheath comprises niobium (Nb).
9. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 8 , wherein electrical junction comprises a swaged end with an outer diameter of the sheath reducing in diameter along a longitudinal length of the coaxial thermocouple until the sheath contacts the wire within the insulation layer.
10. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the wire comprises molybdenum (Mo) doped with Lanthanum (La) oxide by an amount within a range of about 0% and about 2% by weight.
11. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the wire comprises molybdenum (Mo) doped with one or more of potassium (K), silicate (SiO 4 ) 4− , tungsten (W), or silicon (Si) by an amount within a range of about 100 ppm and about 300 ppm per dopant.
12. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein sheath comprises niobium (Nb) doped with phosphorus (P) by an amount within a range of about 700 μg/g and about 1300 μg/g.
13. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein sheath comprises niobium (Nb) doped with zirconium (Zr) by an amount within a range of about 0% and about 2% by weight.
14. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the wire comprises a molybdenum-niobium alloy having an amount of niobium (Nb) within a range of about 5% and 15% niobium (Nb) by mass.
15. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the sheath comprises a niobium-molybdenum alloy having an amount of molybdenum (Mo) within a range of about 5% and 15% niobium (Nb) by mass.
16. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , wherein the insulation layer comprises one or more of Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), Magnesia (MgO), Hafnia (HfO 2 ), Silica (SiO 2 ), Zirconia (ZrO 2 ), or Yttria (Y 2 O 3 ).
17. The coaxial thermocouple of claim 7 , electrical junction comprising a swaged end with an outer diameter of the sheath reducing in diameter along a longitudinal length of the coaxial thermocouple until the sheath contacts the wire within the insulation layer.
18. A method of forming a coaxial thermocouple, comprising:
heating a wire and a sheath of the coaxial thermocouple to at least 1400° C.;
maintaining a temperature of the wire and the sheath of the coaxial thermocouple to achieve one or more of a time period elapsing or the coaxial
thermocouple exhibiting a desired fitted electromotive force (EMF) curve; and swaging the sheath onto the wire.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the time period comprises at least five hours.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the desired fitted electromotive force (EMF) curve comprises a desired fitted electromotive force (EMF) curve that reaches a d(Voltage)/d(time[hr]) of less than 0.001 at operating temperatures above 1400° C.