Structures with complex geometries and controlled porosity in micrometer to meter dimensions produced at large scale
Methods for generating porous scaffolds may include tuning a porogen/crystallite's particle size to a desired range and mixing the crystallite particles with a polymer solution. The mixture is then cast to form films. The films are rolled and consolidated around another inner material to create a preform, which is then thermally drawn. The inner material and the porogen can be selectively removed to obtain porous constructs/fibers. The structures can be fuse-printed to produce complex tissue scaffolds with dimensions up to several centimeters and beyond.
1. A method of manufacturing a hollow porous fiber, comprising:
combining salt particles with a thermoplastic to generate a film;
rolling the film onto a core substrate to create a preform;
inserting the preform into a cladding;
drawing a fiber from the preform at a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic, of the cladding, and of the core substrate, and below a melting temperature of the salt particles; and
removing the salt particles, the core substrate, and the cladding from the fiber to generate the hollow porous fiber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the combining includes:
combining the salt particles with a solution including the thermoplastic dissolved in a solvent to generate a salt-thermoplastic solution;
casting the salt-thermoplastic solution onto a surface;
blading the salt-thermoplastic solution into the film having a predetermined thickness; and
evaporating the solvent from the film.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cladding and the core substrate are composed of the same material.
4. The method of claim 1 , the removing further comprising stretching the fiber to remove the cladding and the core substrate, the method further comprising depositing the fiber in a predetermined arrangement.
5. The method of claim 4 , the depositing the fiber in the predetermined arrangement including depositing the fiber as a set of filaments that are stacked together.
6. The method of claim 5 , the depositing the fiber including heating the fiber above a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic, such that the filaments in the set of filaments fuse together upon stacking during deposition.
7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:
trimming the ends of one or more filaments of the set of filaments to expose an inner core of that filament generated by the removal of the core substrate, to generate a tissue scaffold.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the removing the salt particles from the fiber includes leaching the salt particles from the set of filaments of the tissue scaffold.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the predetermined arrangement is one of a butterfly shape and a branch shape.
10. The method of claim 1 , the removing the salt particles including leaching the salt particles from the fiber.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to combining the salt particles with the thermoplastic:
filtering the salt particles with a filter having a pore size corresponding to a target pore size for the porous fiber to obtain filtered salt particles of the same size or smaller than the pore size.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the target pore size is from about 0.1 μm to about 500 μm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt particles are composed of sodium chloride.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein removal of the core substrate results in formation of an inner core in the fiber, the drawing including drawing at a drawing rate such that the inner core of the fiber has a diameter of from about 50 μm to about 3 mm.
16. The method of claim 1 , the drawing including drawing at a drawing rate such that a porous wall of the fiber has a thickness of from about 20 μm to about 1 mm.
17. The method of claim 1 , the combining the salt particles with the thermoplastic including combining the salt particles with the thermoplastic in a volume/volume ratio such that the porous fiber has a porosity of from about less than 1% to about 45%.