Chemical process for sulfur reduction of hydrocarbons
Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.
1. A treated hydrocarbon stream comprising:
hydrocarbons;
at least one sulfur compound; and
at least one liquid aqueous reducing agent comprising:
from about 10 to about 80 wt % of at least one co-solvent based on the total amount of reducing agent, where the at least one co-solvent is a Lewis base co-solvent selected from the group consisting of ethers, dialkyl sulfides, amines, mono- and polyhydric alcohols, and mixtures thereof; and
at least one inorganic borohydride salt,
where an amount of a reducing agent is present effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product.
2. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the reducing agent is present in an amount effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product.
3. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the hydrocarbons comprises liquid or gas hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of C1 to C12 alkanes, C2 to C12 alkenes, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, fuel gas, flare gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and mixtures thereof.
4. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the at least one sulfur compound is selected from the group consisting of mercaptans having the formula R—S—H where R is a linear or branched C1 to C4 alkyl group, carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (COS), dialkyl sulfides having the formula R 1 —S—R 2 where R 1 and R 2 are independently linear or branched C1 to C4 alkyl groups, dialkyl disulfides having the formula R 1 —S—S—R 2 where R 1 and R 2 are as previously defined, unsubstituted and substituted thiophenes, and combinations thereof.
5. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the borohydride salt is selected from the group consisting of:
inorganic borohydride salts having the formula M 1 BH 4 where M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, or having the formula M 2 (BH 4 ) 2 where M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, and Zn;
ammonium salts of borohydride having the formula R 3 4 N + BH 4 − , where R 3 are independently C1 to C4 or arylalkyl (benzyl), where the alkyl groups are C1 to C4; and
combinations thereof.
6. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the aqueous reducing agent has a pH ranging from about 7 to about 14.
7. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 6 further comprising a base selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
8. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 2 where the effective amount of the reducing agent is up to two times the stoichiometric ratio of the reducing agent to the sulfur compound.
9. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 1 where the co-solvent is present from about 20 to about 60 vol % of at least one co-solvent based on the total amount of reducing agent.
10. A treated hydrocarbon stream comprising:
hydrocarbons comprising liquid or gas hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of C1 to C12 alkanes, C2 to C12 alkenes, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, fuel gas, flare gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and mixtures thereof;
at least one sulfur compound selected from the group consisting of mercaptans having the formula R—S—H where R is a linear or branched C1 to C4 alkyl group, carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (COS), dialkyl sulfides having the formula R 1 —S—R 2 where R 1 and R 2 are independently linear or branched C1 to C4 alkyl groups, dialkyl disulfides having the formula R 1 —S—S—R 2 where R 1 and R 2 are as previously defined, unsubstituted and substituted thiophenes, and combinations thereof; and
at least one liquid aqueous reducing agent comprising:
from about 10 to about 80 wt % of at least one co-solvent based on the total amount of reducing agent, where the at least one co-solvent is a Lewis base co-solvent selected from the group consisting of ethers, dialkyl sulfides, amines, mono- and polyhydric alcohols, and mixtures thereof; and
at least one inorganic borohydride salt,
where an amount of a reducing agent is present effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product.
11. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 10 where the reducing agent is present in an amount effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product.
12. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 10 where the borohydride salt is selected from the group consisting of:
inorganic borohydride salts having the formula M 1 BH 4 where M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, or having the formula M 2 (BH 4 ) 2 where M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, and Zn;
ammonium salts of borohydride having the formula R 3 4 N + BH 4 − , where R 3 are independently C1 to C4 or arylalkyl (benzyl), where the alkyl groups are C1 to C4; and
combinations thereof.
13. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 10 where the aqueous reducing agent has a pH ranging from about 7 to about 14.
14. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 13 further comprising a base selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
15. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 11 where the effective amount of the reducing agent is up to two times the stoichiometric ratio of the reducing agent to the sulfur compound.
16. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 10 where the co-solvent is present from about 20 to about 60 vol % of at least one co-solvent based on the total amount of reducing agent.
17. A treated hydrocarbon stream comprising:
hydrocarbons;
at least one sulfur compound; and
at least one liquid aqueous reducing agent comprising:
from about 10 to about 80 wt % of at least one co-solvent based on the total amount of reducing agent, where the at least one co-solvent is a Lewis base co-solvent selected from the group consisting of ethers, dialkyl sulfides, amines, mono- and polyhydric alcohols, and mixtures thereof, where the reducing agent is present in an amount effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product; and
at least one inorganic borohydride salt selected from the group consisting of:
inorganic borohydride salts having the formula M 1 BH 4 where M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, or having the formula M 2 (BH 4 ) 2 where M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, and Zn;
ammonium salts of borohydride having the formula R 3 4 N + BH 4 − , where R 3 are independently C1 to C4 or arylalkyl (benzyl), where the alkyl groups are C1 to C4; and
combinations thereof;
where an amount of a reducing agent is present effective to react with the sulfur compound to form at least one reaction product.
18. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 17 where the aqueous reducing agent has a pH ranging from about 7 to about 14.
19. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 18 further comprising a base selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
20. The treated hydrocarbon stream of claim 17 where the effective amount of the reducing agent is up to two times the stoichiometric ratio of the reducing agent to the sulfur compound.