Flow cell including a heteropolymer

1. A heteropolymer, comprising:

an acrylamide monomer comprising an azido attachment group to react with a functional group attached to a primer; and

a monomer comprising a stimuli-responsive functional group, wherein the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is selected from the group consisting of:

an acrylamide monomer including a terminal pH-responsive functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, 1,2,-diol, 1,3-diol protected as an acetal, hemiacetal, or ketal, a tert-butyloxycarbonylamino group, a 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino group, a carboxylate group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonate group, and a sulfonic acid group;

a vinyl or acrylate monomer including a terminal pH-responsive functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl with an acid-labile protecting group, a hydroxyl with a base-labile protecting group, an amino with an acid-labile protecting group, an amino with a base-labile protecting group, a sulfonate group and a sulfonic acid group;

a temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide;

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal saccharide-responsive functional group;

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal nucleophile-responsive functional group; and

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal salt-responsive functional group.

2. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is to undergo modification when exposed to a predetermined stimulus, wherein the modification changes the polarity and/or conformation of the heteropolymer.

3. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , further comprising the primer grafted to the attachment group.

4. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein the acrylamide monomer is an azido acetamido pentyl acrylamide monomer.

5. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , further comprising a second acrylamide monomer.

6. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein:

the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is the acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including the terminal saccharide-responsive functional group; and

the terminal saccharide-responsive functional group comprises a boronic acid group.

7. The heteropolymer of claim 6 , wherein the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is 3-(acrylamido)phenylboronic acid.

8. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein:

the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is the acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including the terminal nucleophile-responsive functional group; and

the terminal nucleophile-responsive functional group has the following structure:

wherein: (a) Y is SO 2 and Y′ is CH 2 ; or (b) Y and Y′ are both C(O).

9. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein:

the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is the acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including the terminal salt-responsive functional group; and

the salt-responsive functional group is a zwitterionic functional group exhibiting antipolyelectrolyte behavior.

10. The heteropolymer of claim 9 , wherein the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group has one of the following structures:

wherein A is O or NH and R z is H or C 1-4 alkyl; or

wherein R z is H or C 1-4 alkyl.

11. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein:

the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is the temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide; and

the temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide includes a heat-sensitive hydroxyl or amino protecting group.

12. The heteropolymer of claim 1 , wherein:

the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group is the temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide; and

the temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide is N-isopropylacrylamide.

13. A method of making a switchable heteropolymer comprising:

selecting a monomer comprising a stimuli-responsive functional group from the group consisting of:

an acrylamide monomer including a terminal pH-responsive functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, 1,2,-diol, 1,3-diol protected as an acetal, hemiacetal, or ketal, a tert-butyloxycarbonylamino group, a 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino group, a carboxylate group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonate group, and a sulfonic acid group;

a vinyl or acrylate monomer including a terminal pH-responsive functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl with an acid-labile protecting group, a hydroxyl with a base-labile protecting group, an amino with an acid-labile protecting group, an amino with a base-labile protecting group, a sulfonate group and a sulfonic acid group;

a temperature-responsive N-substituted acrylamide;

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal saccharide-responsive functional group;

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal nucleophile-responsive functional group; and

an acrylamide, acrylate, or vinyl monomer including a terminal salt-responsive functional group; and

copolymerizing the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group with an acrylamide monomer comprising an azido attachment group to react with a functional group attached to a primer.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the acrylamide monomer comprising the attachment group is an azido acetamido pentyl acrylamide monomer.

15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising copolymerizing the monomer comprising the stimuli-responsive functional group and the acrylamide monomer comprising the attachment group with a second acrylamide monomer.

16. A flow cell, comprising:

a support; and

the heteropolymer of claim 1 attached to the support.

17. A method of making a flow cell, comprising contacting the heteropolymer of claim 1 with at least a portion of a flow cell support, thereby attaching the heteropolymer to the flow cell support.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising grafting a primer to the attachment group of the heteropolymer attached to the support.

19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising exposing the heteropolymer attached to the flow cell support to a predetermined stimulus.

20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising, after the exposing, performing a sequencing operation on the flow cell.