Process for preparing doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide
A process for preparing doped-lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (doped-LLZO) is described herein. The method involves dry doping of a co-precipitated lanthanum zirconium oxide (LZO) precursor. Dry doping is a process in which a dry powdered dopant is ground and mixed with a pre-prepared co-precipitated LZO precursor and a lithium salt to provide a LLZO precursor composition, which is subsequently calcined to form a doped-LLZO. The process described herein comprises calcining a dry, powdered (e.g., micron, sub-micron or nano-powdered) mixture of a co-precipitated LZO precursor, a dopant salt or oxide, and a lithium salt under an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature in the range of about 500 to about 1100° C., and recovering the doped-LLZO after calcining.
1. A process for preparing a doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (doped-LLZO) comprising the sequential steps of:
(a) calcining a dry, powdered mixture of a co-precipitated lanthanum zirconium oxide (LZO) precursor, a dopant, and a lithium salt in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature in the range of about 500 to about 1100° C.; and
(b) recovering the doped-LLZO;
wherein the co-precipitated LZO precursor comprises a mixture of lanthanum oxide and/or lanthanum hydroxide in combination with zirconium oxide and/or zirconium hydroxide, in which the La and Zr are present in a La:Zr elemental ratio of about 3:2, and the La and Zr are uniformly mixed at the atomic level; the dopant is a salt or oxide of a dopant ion, X, wherein X is not a Li, La Zr, or O ion, X cations replace a portion of Li, La, and/or Zr in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , and X anions replace a portion of O anion in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ; and the lithium salt and the dopant are mixed with the LZO precursor in amounts selected to achieve a target Li:La:Zr:X ratio in the doped-LLZO.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein X comprises at least one ion selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation, a lanthanide cation, an actinide cation, a main group metal cation, a metalloid cation, and a non-metal anion.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the X comprises at least one cation selected from the group consisting of Al 3+ , Ta 5+ , Ga 3+ , Nb 4+ , Y 3+ , Fe 3+ , W 6+ , Te 6+ , Ba 2+ , Ce 4+ , Ti 4+ , B 3+ , and Sb 5+ .
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein X comprises Al 3+ .
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein X replaces about 0.15 to about 45 mole percent (mol %) of the Li in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein X comprises at least one cation selected from the group consisting of B 3+ , Al 3+ , In 3+ , Si 4+ , Sr 2+ , Ge 4+ , Ga 3+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 3+ and Be 3+ .
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein X replaces about 0.3 to about 50 mol % of La in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein X comprises at least one cation selected from Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , Rb + , Ba 2+ , Y 2+ , Bi 3+ , Ac 3+ , Ag 1+ , and a lanthanide cation having a 3+ oxidation state.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein X replaces about 0.5 to about 50 mol % of Zr in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein X comprises at least one cation selected from the group consisting of Sc 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Au 3+ , In 3+ , Tl 3+ , Eu 2+ , a metal cation having a 4+ oxidation state, a metalloid cation having a 4+ oxidation state, a metal cation having a 5+ oxidation state, and metalloid cation having a 5+ oxidation state.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein X replaces about 0.8 to 33 mol % of O in the formula Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 .
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein X is selected from the group consisting of F − , Cl − , Br − , a non-metal anion having a 1-oxidation state, and a non-metal anion having a 2-oxidation state.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt comprises at least one salt selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium sulfide, lithium fluoride, and lithium chloride.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the lithium salt is present in an amount that provides up to a 20 mol % excess of Li beyond what is required for the target ratio of Li:La:Zr:X.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the co-precipitated LZO precursor comprises La(OH) 3 and ZrO 2 .
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises aluminum tris-acetylacetonate (Al(acac) 3 ).
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises an oxide of X.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises a salt of X.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the salt of X comprises at least one anion selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, carbonate, an organic carboxylate, nitrate, sulfide, fluoride, and chloride.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein X comprises two or more dopant ions.
21. The process of claim 1 , further comprising grinding and mixing together the co-precipitated LZO precursor, the dopant, and the lithium salt to form the dry powdered mixture, prior to step (a).
22. The process of claim 21 , further comprising preparing the co-precipitated LZO precursor prior to the grinding and mixing.