Electrically tunable metasurfaces incorporating a phase change material
Electrically tunable metasurfaces including an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements are presented. The unit elements include a stacked metal-insulator-metal structure within which an active phase change layer is included. A purely insulator, metal, or coexisting metal-insulator phase of the active layer can be electrically controlled to tune an amplitude and phase response of the metasurfaces. In combination with the subwavelengths dimensions of the unit elements, the phase and amplitude response can be controlled in a range from optical wavelengths to millimeter wavelength of incident light. Electrical control of the unit elements can be provided via resistive heating produced by flow of current though a top metal layer of the unit elements. Alternatively, electrical control of the unit elements can be provided via electrical field effect produced by applying a voltage differential between the top and bottom metal layers of the unit elements.
1. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array,
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip, and
the phase change material is germanium antimony telluride (GST).
2. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array,
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip,
the phase change material is vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ),
each of the bottom conductive layer and the top conductive layer comprises at least one of: a) a metal; b) a semiconductor; c) a transparent conducting oxide; and d) a transition metal nitride, and
the semiconductor comprises one or a combination of: b1) gallium arsenide (GaAs), and b2) silicon.
3. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array,
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip,
the phase change material is vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ),
each of the bottom conductive layer and the top conductive layer comprises at least one of: a) a metal; b) a semiconductor; c) a transparent conducting oxide; and d) a transition metal nitride, and
the transparent conducting oxide comprises one or a combination of: c1) indium tin oxide (ITO), c2) aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and c3) aluminum-doped zinc oxide (GZO).
4. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array,
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip,
the phase change material is vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ),
each of the bottom conductive layer and the top conductive layer comprises at least one of: a) a metal; b) a semiconductor; c) a transparent conducting oxide; and d) a transition metal nitride, and
the transition metal nitride comprises one or a combination of: d1) titanium nitride (TiN), and d2) zirconium nitride (ZrN).
5. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array,
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip,
the phase change material is vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ),
the active layer is grown onto the insulating layer via a deposition process, and
the bottom conductive layer is gold (Au), the insulating layer is silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), and the top conductive layer is gold (Au).
6. An electrically tunable metasurface, comprising:
an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements, each unit element comprising:
a bottom conductive layer;
an insulating layer overlying the bottom conductive layer;
an active layer overlying the insulator layer; and
a top conductive layer overlying the active layer,
wherein
the active layer comprises a phase change material having a phase controllable via
resistive heating produced by a flow of a control current through the top conductive layer of the unit elements,
the active layer and the top conductive layer of the unit elements are formed according to a periodic pattern of the array,
the periodic pattern comprises a shape of a strip with a length between respective ends of the strip that extends over an entire length of the array, a
the flow of the control current is provided via coupling of an electrical bias supply to contact pads coupled to the top conductive layer at the respective ends of the strip.
7. The electrically tunable metasurface of claim 6 , wherein:
the array has a substantially square shape with a total area of about 100 μm×100 μm.
8. A wavefront manipulation system, comprising:
the electrically tunable metasurface of claim 6 ,
wherein the wavefront manipulation system is configured to implement functionality of one of: a) beam steering, b) focusing lens, c) polarization control, d) holographic imaging, e) absorber, and f) color filtering.
9. The electrically tunable metasurface of claim 6 , wherein:
a period of the periodic pattern is 400 nm,
a width of each the active layer and the top conductive layer is 210 nm,
a thickness of the bottom conductive layer is 150 nm,
a thickness of the insulating layer is 50 nm,
a thickness of the active layer is 40 nm, and
a thickness of the top conductive layer is 40 nm.