Dynamic windows comprising aqueous electrolytes having enhanced temperature stability
The present disclosure is directed toward an electrodeposition-based dynamic glass element comprising an electrolyte that includes an aqueous solvent and an additive, wherein the electrolyte is stable over a temperature range that is greater than the stable temperature range of the aqueous solvent alone. In some embodiments, the freezing point of the electrolyte is lowered by its inclusion of the additive. Additives suitable for use in accordance with the present disclosure include alcohols, metal salts, sugars, cryoprotectants, and the like. In some cases, the freezing point of the aqueous-solvent-based electrolyte is lowered from 0° C. to −40° C. by virtue of the inclusion of the additive. In some cases, the maximum stable temperature of the electrolyte is increased from 100° C. to 110° C. by virtue of the inclusion of the additive.
1. A dynamic-glass element ( 100 ) comprising:
a first electrode ( 106 );
a second electrode ( 108 ); and
an electrolyte ( 110 ) that facilitates electrodeposition of a first metal on at least one of the first and second electrodes, wherein the electrolyte is located between the first and second electrodes, wherein the electrolyte includes an aqueous solvent ( 128 ) and an additive ( 130 ), the additive being characterized by a Tafel slope that is less than or equal to 120 for the first metal, and further wherein the solvent is stable over a first temperature range and the electrolyte is stable over a second temperature range that is larger than the first temperature range.
2. The dynamic-glass element of claim 1 wherein the additive comprises an alcohol.
3. The dynamic-glass element of claim 2 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol.
4. The dynamic-glass element of claim 1 wherein the first metal is bismuth.
5. The dynamic-glass element of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte is a gel electrolyte.
6. The dynamic-glass element of claim 1 wherein the first electrode includes a first layer ( 124 ) and a transparent conductor ( 120 ), wherein the first layer is in physical contact with the electrolyte.
7. The dynamic-glass element of claim 6 wherein the first electrode further includes a non-metallic adhesion layer ( 122 ) that is operative for adhering to each of the first layer and the transparent conductor wherein the adhesion layer is a self-assembled monolayer.
8. The dynamic-glass element of claim 7 wherein the adhesion layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of thiols, silanes, phosphonic acids, mercapto-organic acids, cyanic acids, phosphoric acid, and amino acids.
9. The dynamic-glass element of claim 1 wherein the solvent is characterized by a freezing point of 0° C., and wherein the electrolyte has a freezing point that is less than 0° C.
10. A method for forming a dynamic glass element ( 100 ), the method comprising:
providing a first electrode ( 106 ) disposed on a first substrate ( 102 );
providing a second electrode ( 108 ) disposed on a second substrate ( 104 );
arranging the first and second substrates to define a chamber ( 306 );
selecting an additive ( 130 ) that is characterized by a Tafel slope that is less than or equal to 120 for a first metal; and
providing an electrolyte ( 110 ) in the chamber such that each of the first and second electrodes is in contact with the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte facilitates electrodeposition of the first metal on at least one of the first and second electrodes and includes an aqueous solvent ( 128 ) and the additive, and wherein the solvent is stable over a first temperature range and the electrolyte is stable over a second temperature range that is larger than the first temperature range.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the electrolyte is provided such that the additive comprises an alcohol.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the first metal is bismuth.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the first electrode is provided as a multi-layer electrode comprising a nucleation layer ( 124 ) that is disposed on an adhesion layer ( 122 ) that is disposed on a transparent conductor ( 120 ) that is disposed on the first substrate.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the nucleation layer includes a monolayer of nanoparticles, each of which includes a noble metal.