Method of synthesizing a thermally conductive and stretchable polymer composite
A method for synthesizing a thermally conductive and stretchable elastomer composite comprises mixing liquid metal and soft material (e.g., elastomer) in a centrifugal or industrial shear mixer under conditions such that the liquid metal forms microscale liquid metal droplets that are dispersed in the soft elastomer. Liquid metal-embedded elastomers, or “LMEEs,” formed in this manner dramatically increase the fracture energy of soft materials up to 50 times over an unfilled polymer. This extreme toughening is achieved by means of (i) increasing energy dissipation, (ii) adaptive crack movement, and (iii) effective elimination of the crack tip. Such properties arise from the deformability and dynamic rearrangement of the LM inclusions during loading, providing a new mechanism to not only prevent crack initiation, but also resist the propagation of existing tears for ultra-tough, highly functional soft materials.
1. A method of fabricating a thermally conductive, stretchable elastomer composite, the method comprising mixing liquid metal and a soft material in a centrifugal mixer under conditions such that the liquid metal forms microscale liquid metal droplets that are dispersed in the soft material, wherein the liquid metal is liquid at room temperature, wherein the composite comprises a strain of at least 100%, and wherein the microscale liquid metal droplets comprise a major axis dimension in a range of 1 to 100 microns.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to mixing with the centrifugal mixer, mixing the liquid metal and the soft material for a period of time using a stirring rod.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the centrifugal mixer comprises a planetary centrifugal mixer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises an amount of the liquid metal of at least 10% by volume of the composite.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composite comprises an amount of the liquid metal in a range of 40% to 60% by volume of the composite.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing the liquid metal and the soft material comprises mixing the liquid metal and the soft material such that at least 80% of the liquid droplets have a major axis dimension in a range of 4 to 30 microns.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metal comprises eutectic gallium indium.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the soft material comprises a soft elastomer, an oil, an epoxy, a wax, or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the soft material comprises a soft elastomer.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the soft elastomer comprises polysiloxane.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the soft elastomer comprises polysiloxane, polyurethane, natural rubber, a block copolymer elastomer, thermoplastic elastomer, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid metal comprises gallium, a gallium alloy, a tin alloy, an antimony alloy, mercury, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the soft material comprises a soft elastomer, an oil, an epoxy, a wax, or a combination thereof.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein, the liquid metal comprises a gallium alloy selected from the group consisting of eutectic gallium indium and gallium-indium-tin.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soft material comprises a soft elastomer, an oil, an epoxy, a wax, or a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the composite comprises an amount of the liquid metal in a range of 40% to 60% by volume of the composite.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soft material comprises a soft elastomer, and wherein the soft elastomer comprises a polysiloxane, polyurethane, natural rubber, a block copolymer elastomer, thermoplastic elastomer, or a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the composite comprises an amount of the liquid metal in a range of 10% to 80% by volume of the composite; mixing the liquid metal and the soft material comprises mixing the liquid metal and the soft material such that at least 80% of the liquid droplets have a major axis dimension of in a range of 4 to 30 microns;
the soft material comprises a soft elastomer, an oil, an epoxy, a wax, or a combination thereof; and
the liquid metal comprises gallium, a gallium alloy, a tin alloy, an antimony alloy, mercury, or a combination thereof.
19. A method for fabricating an elastomer composite, the method comprising:
forming a composition comprising;
5% to 80% by volume of a liquid metal, wherein the liquid metal is liquid at room temperature; and
an elastomer;
mixing the composition in a centrifugal mixer to form liquid metal droplets from the liquid metal and dispersing the liquid metal droplets through the elastomer thereby forming an elastomer composite, wherein at least 80% of the liquid metal droplets comprise a major axis dimension in a range of 4 to 30 microns after mixing in the centrifugal mixer.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising curing the elastomer composite.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the cured elastomer composite comprises a strain of at least 100%.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the centrifugal mixer comprises a planetary centrifugal mixer.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the elastomer comprises polysiloxane, polyurethane, natural rubber, a block copolymer elastomer, thermoplastic elastomer, or a combination thereof, and the liquid metal comprises gallium, a gallium alloy, a tin alloy, an antimony alloy, mercury, or a combination thereof.