Sensing apparatus for use with a concrete structure

1. A battery-powered sensing apparatus adapted for embedding in concrete, the sensing apparatus comprising:

an enclosure having a base portion and a removable lid, the enclosure providing a sealed cavity;

at least one sensor for monitoring one or more environmental conditions of the concrete by measuring at least one physical parameter of the concrete, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensor located within the sealed enclosure and mounted on the lid;

a control module;

a wireless communication module; and

a battery;

wherein the control module, wireless communication module and battery are mounted on the lid so as to be located within the sealed enclosure as internal components, and so as to be removable with the lid after the sensing apparatus has been embedded in the concrete.

2. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the enclosure includes side-walls formed with the removable lid and the base portion to form a cavity within a housing when the sensing apparatus has been embedded in the concrete.

3. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the enclosure includes protrusions which extend from the base portion for receiving a casting negative to form, when the sensing apparatus is embedded in the concrete, side-walls of the enclosure being formed from the concrete in which the sensing apparatus is embedded.

4. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the enclosure is formed using a casting negative which includes protrusions which extend from the casting negative to the base portion to form the enclosure, when the sensing apparatus is embedded in the concrete, side-walls of the enclosure being formed from the concrete in which the sensing apparatus is embedded.

5. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor located within the sealed enclosure comprises a tilt meter.

6. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensor to be located externally to the sealed enclosure, embedded within the concrete, and the sensing apparatus further comprises a wired link from the externally located sensor into the sealed enclosure.

7. The sensing apparatus of claim 6 , further comprising a terminal module located in the base portion of the sealed enclosure, said terminal module providing an interface between said wired link from the externally located sensor and wiring from the internal components within the sealed enclosure.

8. The sensing apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the wiring from the internal components can be plugged into and unplugged from the terminal module.

9. The sensing apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the externally located sensor comprises a vibrating wire strain gauge.

10. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control module comprises a microcontroller responsible for controlling data sampling and timekeeping within the sensing apparatus.

11. The sensing apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the wireless communication module is adapted to form a node in a wireless mesh network or geographical wide area network.

12. The sensing apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the wireless communication module supports self-configuration of the wireless mesh network or the geographical wide area network.

13. The sensing apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the wireless communication module is configured to go into a low-power mode between pre-scheduled communication sessions with other nodes in the wireless mesh network or the geographical wide area network.

14. The sensing apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the wireless communication module is configured to communicate with other nodes in the wireless network according to a time-synchronised schedule such that transmit and receive circuits of the wireless communication system are in operation with an average duty cycle of less than 5%, preferably less than 1%.

15. The sensing apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the wireless communication module is configured to communicate with other nodes in the geographical wide area network according to a non time-synchronised schedule with a low duty cycle/low power cycle.

16. A battery-powered sensing apparatus adapted for embedding in concrete, the sensing apparatus comprising:

an enclosure having a base portion and a removable lid, the enclosure providing a sealed enclosure;

at least one sensor for monitoring one or more environmental conditions of the concrete by measuring at least one physical parameter of the concrete, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensor located within the sealed enclosure and mounted on the lid;

a control module;

a wireless communication module; and

a battery;

wherein the sensing apparatus is adapted to have an operation lifetime of at least 10 years after the sensing apparatus has been embedded in the concrete.

17. The sensing apparatus of claim 16 , wherein:

the battery has a charge capacity of at least 10 Ampere hours;

the control module comprises a microcontroller having a sleep mode drawing less than 0.01 milliamps; and

the wireless communication module has a duty cycle of less than 5% and draws less than 0.01 milliamps when in standby.

18. A method for forming a concrete slab with an embedded sensing apparatus, the method comprising:

constructing a sub-unit comprising a sealed enclosure and a reinforcing structure; attaching the sub-unit to a slab mould via the reinforcing structure; and

casting the concrete into the slab mould to embed the sub-unit into a concrete slab;

wherein components of the sensing apparatus are included within the sealed enclosure, the sensing apparatus including at least one sensor for monitoring one or more environmental conditions of the concrete by measuring at least one physical parameter of the concrete, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensor located within the sealed enclosure and mounted on a removable lid of the enclosure.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the components of the sensing apparatus are included within the sealed enclosure after casting the concrete.