Aquaculture process for the production of salmon eggs
A process for harvesting fish eggs is provided, in particular fish eggs from Salmon. The process comprises rearing sexually immature salmon in an aquatic environment in stages during which at least the light exposure and time span is adjusted. The rearing includes at least a winter-summer period that comprises a winter life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates winter light exposure, and a subsequent summer life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates summer light exposure, wherein the total Accumulated Thermal Unit (ATU) during the winter-summer period is no more than 5000. The inventions also provides salmon eggs that are produced by the disclosed process.
1. A process for the harvesting of fish eggs, comprising:
providing a broodstock comprising sexually immature fish from at least one Salmo salar strain;
rearing the broodstock in an aquatic environment comprising an aqueous medium that is suitable for sustaining life of the broodstock such that it proceeds to maturation, wherein the rearing is performed in life-cycle stages during which at least light exposure and time span of each life-cycle stage is adjusted, wherein the rearing includes at least a winter-summer period that comprises a winter life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates winter light exposure, and a subsequent summer life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates summer light exposure, wherein a total Accumulated Thermal Unit (ATU) during the winter-summer period is no more than 5000; and
harvesting eggs from mature fish,
wherein the winter life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period comprises a total ATU of 1,600 to 3,500 units, and the summer life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period comprises a total ATU of 400 to 1,500 units,
wherein the winter life-cycle stage includes light exposure for less than 12 hours in every 24 hour cycle, and the summer life-cycle stage includes light exposure for at least 12 hours in every 24 hour cycle,
wherein during the winter-summer period, the summer life-cycle stage immediately follows the winter life-cycle stage, and
wherein prior to the winter-summer period, the broodstock has been smoltified.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the rearing comprises at least one further summer life-cycle stage that precedes the winter-summer period.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the rearing comprises at least one further winter life-cycle stage that precedes at least one further summer life-cycle stage, and wherein any two such further winter life-cycle stages, when present, are bridged by the summer life-cycle stage.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein prior to the winter-summer period, the broodstock has been allowed to grow such that an average weight of the broodstock is at least 50 g per fish.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein prior to the harvesting, the fish are maintained in a holding stage during which the fish are exposed to winter light exposure until the fish have matured to spawning.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein simulated summer light exposure comprises simulating ambient light conditions during summer, and wherein simulated winter light exposure comprises simulating ambient light conditions during winter.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the light exposure within each life-cycle stage is continuous.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the light exposure constitutes exposure of the aqueous medium to natural and/or artificial light in a visible range that, on average, is at least 0.010 W/m 2 .
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein a switch between light conditions, from light to dark or vice versa, within life-cycle stages is performed instantaneously.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein a switch between light conditions, from light to dark or vice versa, within life-cycle stages is performed over a period of at least 1 day.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein a switch between light conditions, from light to dark or vice versa, within life-cycle stages is performed over a period that is in the range of 1 day to 4 weeks.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the total ATU during the winter-summer period is in the range of 2,500 ATU to 4,900 ATU.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous medium in any of the life-cycle stages has a salinity that is in the range of 0 to 35,000 ppm.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aquatic environment comprises a recirculating aquaculture system.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aquatic environment comprises a closed aquaculture system.
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aquatic environment is land-based.
17. The process of claim 5 , wherein the holding stage is performed in a holding stage aqueous medium that has a salinity that is less than 3,000 ppm.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein a water temperature in any of the life-cycle stages is maintained with a range of 1° C. to 18° C.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein a water temperature during the winter-summer period is in a range of 8° C. to 15° C.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein the winter-summer period is in the range of 40 to 50 weeks.
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein the winter life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period is in the range of 16 to 50 weeks.
22. The process of claim 1 , wherein the summer life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period is in the range of 6 to 20 weeks.
23. The process of claim 5 , wherein a period of the holding stage is in the range of 5 to 30 weeks.
24. The process of claim 1 , wherein the harvested eggs have a survival rate to an eyed stage of at least 40%.
25. The process of claim 1 , wherein the harvested eggs have an average diameter of at least 3 mm.
26. A process of rearing Salmo salar , comprising:
providing a broodstock comprising sexually immature fish from at least one Salmo salar strain; and
rearing the broodstock in an aquatic environment comprising an aqueous medium that is suitable for sustaining life of the broodstock such that it proceeds to maturation, wherein the rearing is performed in life-cycle stages during which at least light exposure and time span of each life-cycle stage is adjusted, wherein the rearing includes at least a winter-summer period that comprises a winter life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates winter light exposure, and a subsequent summer life-cycle stage, within which the broodstock is exposed to light that simulates summer light exposure, wherein a total Accumulated Thermal Unit (ATU) during the winter-summer period is no more than 5000,
wherein the winter life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period comprises a total ATU of 1,600 to 3,500 units, and the summer life-cycle stage of the winter-summer period comprises a total ATU of 400 to 1,500 units,
wherein the winter life-cycle stage includes light exposure for less than 12 hours in every 24 hour cycle, and the summer life-cycle stage includes light exposure for at least 12 hours in every 24 hour cycle,
wherein during the winter-summer period, the summer life-cycle stage immediately follows the winter life-cycle stage, and
wherein prior to the winter-summer period, the broodstock has been smoltified.