Anionic redox active lithium iron oxide based cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries
Cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, lithium ion batteries incorporating the cathode materials, and methods of operating the lithium ion batteries are provided. The materials, which are composed of lithium iron oxides, are able to undergo reversible anionic and cationic redox reactions with no O 2(g) generation.
1. A lithium ion battery comprising:
a cell comprising:
a cathode comprising lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5-2α-x FeO 4-α , where 0≤x≤1 and 0<α<2, the lithium iron oxides comprising a disordered rock salt phase in which the oxygen atoms are each octahedrally coordinated to six lithium atoms;
an anode in electrical communication with the cathode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode; and
a charge controller that limits a charging voltage of the cell to a voltage that prevents the irreversible delithiation of the lithium iron oxides and the elimination of the disordered rock salt phase during charging.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 0<α<1.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the charge controller limits the charging voltage of the cell to a voltage of 3.8 V or lower vs. Li + /Li.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the disordered rock salt phase comprises lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 4 FeO 3.5 , lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 3 FeO 3.5 , or a combination thereof.
5. A method of operating a lithium ion battery comprising:
a cell comprising:
a cathode comprising lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5-2α-x FeO 4-α , where 0≤x≤1 and 0<α<2, the lithium iron oxides comprising a disordered rock salt phase in which the oxygen atoms are each octahedrally coordinated to six lithium atoms;
an anode in electrical communication with the cathode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode; and
a charge controller that limits a charging voltage of the cell to a voltage that prevents the irreversible delithiation of the lithium iron oxides and the elimination of the disordered rock salt phase during charging, the method comprising
charging the cell using a charging voltage that prevents the irreversible delithiation of the lithium iron oxides and the elimination of the disordered rock salt phase during charging; and
discharging the cell to power a load connected across the cell.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a charging voltage of 3.8 V or lower vs. Li + /Li is used.
7. A method of forming a lithium ion battery, the method comprising:
activating a cathode comprising lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5 FeO 4 in an activation charge cycle at a voltage that converts the lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5 FeO 4 to lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5-2α-x FeO 4-α , where 0≤x≤1 and 0<α<2, the lithium iron oxides comprising a disordered rock salt phase in which the oxygen atoms are each octahedrally coordinated to six lithium atoms;
assembling a cell comprising:
the cathode;
an anode in electrical communication with the cathode; and
an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode; and
connecting a charge controller to the cell, wherein the charge controller limits the charging voltage of subsequent charging cycles to a voltage that prevents the irreversible delithiation of the lithium iron oxides and the elimination of the disordered rock salt phase during charging.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein 0<α<1.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the charge controller is configured to limit the charging voltage of the cell to a voltage of 3.8 V or lower vs. Li + /Li.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cathode is activated before it is assembled into the cell.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cathode is activated after it is assembled into the cell.
12. An electronic device comprising an electrode, the electrode comprising lithium iron oxides having the formula Li 5-2α-x FeO 4-α , where 0≤x≤1 and 0<α<2, the lithium iron oxides comprising a disordered rock salt phase in which the oxygen atoms are each octahedrally coordinated to six lithium atoms.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein 0<α<1.