Scalable method of fabricating structured polymers for passive daytime radiative cooling and other applications
A structured material is provided that includes a substrate and a porous structured polymer layer disposed thereon. The porous structured polymer layer includes a plurality of voids, and has a high hemispherical reflectance a high a hemispherical thermal emittance. The structured material is thus particularly advantageous for cool-roof coatings, enabling surfaces coated by the material to stay cool, even under strong sunlight. The material can be produced via structuring of polymers in a mixture including a solvent and a non-solvent. Sequential evaporation of the solvent and the non-solvent provide a polymer layer with the plurality of voids.
1. A structured material, comprising:
a freestanding porous structured polymer layer including a plurality of voids disposed therein,
wherein the structured polymer has:
a hemispherical reflectance of from 75% to 99% for radiation having a wavelength from 0.35 to 2.5 micrometers and a hemispherical thermal emittance of at least 75% for radiation having a wavelength from about 8 to about 13 micrometers.
2. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous structured polymer includes poly(vinylidene difluoride), poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropene), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(styrene), poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(vinyl alcohol), ethyl-cellulose, methyl-cellulose, cellulose acetate, or combinations thereof.
3. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of voids have cross-sectional dimensions of less than 2 micrometers.
4. The material according to claim 3 , wherein the plurality of voids have cross-sectional dimensions between 20 nm to 700 nm.
5. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of voids have cross-sectional dimensions between 3 micrometers to 20 micrometers.
6. The material according to claim 5 , wherein the plurality of voids have cross-sectional dimensions between 5 micrometers to about 10 micrometers.
7. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous structured polymer layer has a thickness between 50 micrometers to 2 mm.
8. The material according to claim 7 , wherein the porous structured polymer layer has a thickness between 200 micrometers to 400 micrometers.
9. The material according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more colorants.
10. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the structured polymer layer is disposed on a substrate.
11. The material according to claim 10 , wherein the substrate is a building material, glass, plastic, metal, textile, siding, roofing, decking, or combinations thereof.
12. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the structured polymer has a topcoat consisting of one or more colorants, a material that provides protection from weather or moisture, or combinations thereof.
13. The material according to claim 1 , wherein the freestanding porous structured polymer layer includes a first plurality of voids having cross-sectional dimensions of less than 2 micrometers and a second plurality of voids having cross-sectional dimensions of between 3 micrometers to 20 micrometers.
14. A method of forming a structured material, comprising:
providing a mixture including polymers, a solvent, and a non-solvent;
evaporating the solvent; and
evaporating the non-solvent after evaporating the solvent to produce a structured polymer layer including a plurality of voids disposed therein,
wherein the mass ratio of the solvent (X) to polymer (Y) to non-solvent (Z) in the mixture is X>4, 0.5<Y<1.25, and 0.5<Z<1.25.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the polymers include poly(vinylidene difluoride), poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropene), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(styrene), poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(vinyl alcohol), ethyl-cellulose, methyl-cellulose, cellulose acetate, or combinations thereof.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the solvent includes acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, hexane, benzene, toluene, or combinations thereof.
17. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the non-solvent includes water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, or combinations thereof.
18. The method according to claim 14 , wherein providing the mixture including a polymer, a solvent, and a non-solvent further comprises:
disposing the mixture on a substrate and effecting conditions sufficient so as to give rise to a structured porous polymer coating atop the substrate, wherein the substrate is a building material, glass, plastic, metal, textile, siding, roofing, decking, or combinations thereof.
19. A method of forming a structured material, comprising:
providing a mixture including polymers, a solvent, and a non-solvent;
immersing the mixture in a reservoir of the non-solvent to dilute and/or diffuse out the solvent,
removing the mixture from the reservoir; and
evaporating the non-solvent to produce a structured polymer layer including a plurality of voids disposed therein,
wherein the mass ratio of the solvent (X) to polymer (Y) to non-solvent (Z) in the mixture is X>4, 0.5<Y<1.25, and 0.5<Z<1.25.