Analyte sensors and sensing methods for dual detection of glucose and ethanol
Multiple enzymes may be present in one or more active areas of an electrochemical analyte sensor for detecting one or more different analytes. In particular, an analyte sensor may comprise a sensor tail configured for insertion into a tissue and one or more working electrodes having a glucose-responsive active area and an ethanol-responsive active area to detect glucose and ethanol in vivo.
1. An analyte sensor comprising:
a) a working electrode;
b) a glucose-responsive active area disposed upon a surface of the working electrode, the glucose-responsive active area comprising a glucose-responsive active enzyme capable of generating a first signal at the working electrode proportional to a glucose concentration;
c) an ethanol-responsive active area comprising:
i) a first active area disposed directly upon the surface of the working electrode spaced apart from the glucose-responsive active area, the first active area comprising xanthine oxidase and an electron transfer agent, in amounts sufficient to react with acetaldehyde to generate a second signal at the working electrode proportional to an alcohol concentration; and
ii) a second active area isolated from the working electrode, the second active area comprising glucose oxidase and catalase in amounts sufficient to form acetaldehyde upon exposure to ethanol;
d) a first membrane permeable to acetaldehyde disposed upon the first active area; and
e) a second membrane permeable to glucose and ethanol disposed upon the glucose-responsive active area and the second active area,
wherein the second active area is disposed directly upon the first membrane, and
wherein the sensor is configured to be partially inserted into a user's skin.
2. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first and second membranes comprise a polyvinylpyridine, a polyvinylimidazole, or any copolymer thereof.
3. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine and the second membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene.
4. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the xanthine oxidase is covalently bound to a first polymer, and the glucose oxidase is covalently bound to a second polymer.
5. The analyte sensor of claim 4 , wherein the electron transfer agent is covalently bound to the first polymer.
6. The analyte sensor of claim 5 , wherein the electron transfer agent comprises an osmium complex.
7. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first active area further comprises catalase.
8. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase.
9. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:
a control module in communication with the analyte sensor and an electrical system of a vehicle, the control module including a computer system programmed to receive and process data provided by the analyte sensor,
wherein operation of the vehicle is controlled or disabled by the computer system when a real-time measured analyte level of the operator crosses a predetermined safe threshold.
10. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-responsive active area further comprises a second electron transfer agent.
11. A method comprising:
exposing an analyte sensor to a body fluid comprising at least one of glucose and ethanol, the analyte sensor comprising:
a) a working electrode;
b) a glucose-responsive active area disposed upon a surface of the working electrode, the glucose-responsive active area comprising a glucose-responsive active enzyme capable of generating a first signal at the working electrode proportional to a glucose concentration;
c) an ethanol-responsive active area comprising:
i) a first active area disposed directly upon the surface of the working electrode spaced apart from the glucose-responsive active area, the first active area comprising xanthine oxidase and an electron transfer agent, in amounts sufficient to react with acetaldehyde to generate a second signal at the working electrode proportional to an alcohol concentration; and
ii) a second active area isolated from the working electrode, the second active area comprising glucose oxidase and catalase in amounts sufficient to form acetaldehyde upon exposure to ethanol;
d) a first membrane permeable to acetaldehyde disposed upon the first active area;
e) a second membrane permeable to glucose and ethanol disposed upon the glucose-responsive active area and the second active area, and
detecting a first signal proportional to a glucose concentration and the second signal proportional to an ethanol concentration,
wherein the second active area is disposed directly upon the first membrane, and
wherein the sensor is configured to be partially inserted into a user's skin.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the glucose-responsive active area further comprises a second electron transfer agent.