Toner
A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin and a colorant and an external additive, wherein the external additive contains an external additive A having a Feret diameter of 60 to 200 nm, the external additive A is inorganic fine particles or organic-inorganic composite fine particles, adhesion index of the external additive A to the toner is 0.00 to 3.00, and penetration depth b and protrusion height c satisfy Relational expressions (1) and (2) below, where b (nm) denotes penetration depth of the external additive A, at a portion of the external additive A penetrating into the toner particle interior from the surface thereof, and c (nm) denotes a protrusion height of the external additive A at that portion, in an observation of an image resulting from image processing of a cross section of the toner using TEM; 60≤ b+c ≤200 (1), 0.15≤ b /( b+c )≤0.30 (2).
1. A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a colorant; and
an external additive, comprising an external additive A;
external additive A being inorganic fine particles or organic-inorganic composite fine particles having a Feret diameter of 60 to 200 nm;
a shape factor SF-2 of external additive A being 100 to 120 measured by a scanning electron microscope; and
an adhesion index of external additive A to the toner being 0.00 to 3.00, wherein
60≤b+c≤200 and 0.15≤b/(b+c)≤0.30, where b (nm) denotes a penetration depth of the external additive A at a portion of the external additive A penetrating into the interior of the toner particle from the surface of the toner particle, and c (nm) denotes a protrusion height of the external additive A at that portion in an observation of an image resulting from image processing of a cross section of the toner using a transmission electron microscope, and
where with an outline X defined as the outline of a portion of contact of external additive A with the toner particle, in the outline of external additive A, and a line segment Z defined as the line segment obtained by joining both ends of the outline X with a straight line, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, penetration depth b denotes a maximum distance between the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline X and a perpendicular line front the line segment Z to the outline X; and with an outline Y defined as the outline of a portion other than the outline X in the outline of the external additive A, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, protrusion height c denotes a maximum distance between the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline Y and a perpendicular line from the line segment Z to the outline Y.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a coverage ratio of the toner particle by the external additive A is 4.0 to 50.0 area %.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein in a measurement of the strength of the toner in accordance with a nanoindentation method, a load F at a maximum value is 0.8 to 2.0 mN in a load region from 0.20 to 2.30 mN of a differential curve obtained through differentiating, by load, of a load-displacement curve with load (mN) on the horizontal axis and displacement amount (μm) on the vertical axis.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the standard deviation of b/(b+c) is 0.00 to 0.13.
5. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein c is 50.0 to 150.0 nm.
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the standard deviation of c is 0 to 30.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein l/(b+c) is 0.70 to 0.92, where l (nm) is the length of line segment Z.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the adhesion index of external additive A to the toner is 0.10 to 2.50.
9. A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a colorant; and
an external additive comprising an external additive A;
external additive A being inorganic line particles or organic-inorganic composite tine particles having a Feret diameter of 60 to 200 nm; and
an adhesion index of external additive A to the toner being 0.00 to 3.00, wherein
60≤b÷c≤200 and 0.15≤b/(b+c)≤0.30, where b (nm) denotes a penetration depth of external additive A at a portion of external additive A penetrating into the interior of the toner particle from the surface of the toner particle, and c (nm) denotes a protrusion height of external additive A at that portion in an observation of an image resulting from image processing of a cross section of the toner using a transmission electron microscope,
where with an outline X defined as the outline of a portion of contact of external additive A with the toner particle, in the outline of external additive A, and a line segment Z defined as the line segment obtained by joining both ends of the outline X with a straight line, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, penetration depth b denotes a maximum distance bets een the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline X and a perpendicular line from he line segs segment Z to the outline X; and with an outline Y defined as the outline of a portion other than the outline X in the outline of the external additive A, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, protrusion height c denotes a maximum distance between the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline Y and a perpendicular line from the line segment Z to the outline Y, and
in a measurement of the strength of the toner in accordance with a nanoindentation method, a load F at a maximum value is 0.8 to 2.0 mN in a load region from 0.20 to 2.30 mN of a differential curve obtained through differentiating, by load, of a load-displacement curve ith load (mN) on the horizontal axis and displacement amount (μ) on the vertical axis.
10. A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a colorant; and
an external additive comprising an external additive A;
external additive A being inorganic fine particles or organic-inorganic composite tine particles having a Feret diameter of 60 to 200 nm; and
an adhesion index of external additive A to the toner being 0.00 to 3.00, wherein
60≤b+c≤200 and 0.15≤b/(b+c)≤0.30, where b (nm) denotes a penetration depth of external additive A at a portion. of external additive A penetrating into the interior of the toner particle from the surface of the toner particle, and c (nm) denotes a protrusion height of external additive A at that portion in an observation of an image resulting from image processing of a cross section of the toner using a transmission electron microscope,
where with an outline X defined as the outline of a portion of contact of external additive A with the toner particle, in the outline of external additive A, and a line segment Z defined as the line segment obtained by joining both ends of the outline X with a straight line, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, penetration depth b denotes a maximum distance between the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline X and a perpendicular line from the line segment Z to the outline X; and with an outline Y defined as the outline of a portion other than the outline X in the outline of the external additive A, in the observation of the image resulting from image processing of the cross section, protrusion height c denotes a maximum distance between the line segment Z and an intersection of the outline Y and a perpendicular line from the line segment Z to the outline Y, and
l/(b+c) is 0.70 to 0.92, where l (nm) is the length of line segment Z.