Apparatus and methods of probing sensor operation and/or determining analyte values during continuous analyte sensing
Apparatus and methods are operative to probe the condition of a sensor either initially, at any point thereafter or continuously during a continuous sensor operation for measuring an analyte in a bodily fluid (such as performed by, e.g., a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor). Results of the probe may include calibration indices determined from electrical signals obtained during the probe. The calibration indices may indicate whether in-situ adjustment of the sensor's calibration should be performed either initially and/or at random check points. Probing potential modulation parameters also may be used during analyte calculations to reduce the effects of lot-to-lot sensitivity variations, sensitivity drift during monitoring, temperature, interferents, and/or the like. Other aspects are disclosed.
1. A method of continuous analyte monitoring, the method comprising:
applying a constant voltage potential to a sensor of a continuous analyte monitoring device;
determining a primary current signal resulting from the constant voltage potential;
applying a probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor, the probing potential modulation sequence comprising a plurality of voltage steps, the plurality of voltage steps each comprising a change in voltage from the constant voltage potential;
determining a plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the probing potential modulation sequence;
determining a prediction equation based at least on probing potential modulation current signals determined during at least two voltage steps of the plurality of voltage steps;
determining an analyte value based at least in part on the primary current signal, the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals, and the prediction equation; and
transmitting the analyte value to a user interface of the continuous analyte monitoring device.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a working electrode, and wherein the primary current signal and the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals respectively comprise a signal from the working electrode.
3. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
determining the primary current signal for a plurality of intervals, the plurality of intervals having a time period of from 3 to 15 minutes; and
determining the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals for respective ones of the plurality of intervals.
4. The method of claim 3 , comprising:
for at least some of the plurality of intervals, determining the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals prior to determining the primary current signal.
5. The method of claim 3 , comprising:
for at least some of the plurality of intervals, determining the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals immediately after the primary current signal.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of voltage steps differ from one another in respect of one or both of magnitude or duration.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of voltage steps comprises at least one increase in voltage above the constant voltage potential and at least one decrease in voltage below the constant voltage potential.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
determining a ratio of a first one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals to a second one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals; and
determining the analyte value based at least in part on the ratio.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the first one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals corresponds to a first one of the plurality of voltage steps and the second one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals corresponds to a second one of the plurality of voltage steps; or
the first one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals and the second one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals respectively correspond to the first one of the plurality of voltage steps.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises a wearable sensor portion and a portable user device portion, the sensor defining a part of the wearable sensor portion, and the user interface defining a part of the portable user device portion, and
wherein transmitting the analyte value to the user interface of the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises wirelessly transmitting the analyte value from the wearable sensor portion to the portable user device portion.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises a wearable sensor portion and a portable user device portion, and wherein the method comprises:
determining the analyte value via the wearable sensor portion, and
transmitting the analyte value from the wearable sensor portion to the portable user device portion.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises a wearable sensor portion and a portable user device portion, wherein the method comprises:
transmitting the primary current signal and the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals from the wearable sensor portion to the portable user device portion; and
determining the analyte value via the portable user device portion.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a working electrode having a chemical composition selected to oxidize an analyte.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the analyte is within human interstitial fluid.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the analyte comprises glucose.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the analyte comprises at least one of: cholesterol, lactate, uric acid, or alcohol.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor, and determining the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals comprises:
applying an initial probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor during an initial probing period, and determining an initial plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the initial probing potential modulation sequence; and
periodically applying an intermediate probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor during respective ones of a plurality of intermediate probing periods, and for respective ones of the plurality of intermediate probing periods, determining an intermediate plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the intermediate probing potential modulation sequence.
18. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
determining a plurality of current decay constants and determining the analyte value based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants,
wherein respective ones of the plurality of current decay constants comprise a ratio of a first one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals to a second one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals.
19. The method of claim 18 , comprising:
modifying a calibration of the continuous analyte monitoring device based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of current decay constants comprise:
a first current decay constant determined during an initial probing period occurring within 30 minutes of inserting the sensor subcutaneously into a subject; and
a second current decay constant determined during an intermediate probing period occurring after a rest period, the rest period temporally separating the initial probing period from the intermediate probing period.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein modifying the calibration of the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises compensating for at least one of the following based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants:
a difference in sensitivity relative to a center sensitivity, a change in sensitivity over time, a variation attributable to an interference species, and a warmup period of the sensor.
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a temperature of the sensor during each of the plurality of voltage steps,
wherein the prediction equation is further determined based on the temperature of the sensor during each of the plurality of voltage steps.
23. A continuous analyte monitoring device, comprising:
a sensor;
a memory;
at least one processor; and
a user interface,
wherein the memory comprises non-transitory computer-executable instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, causes the continuous analyte monitoring device to perform operations, the operations comprising:
applying a constant voltage potential to the sensor;
determining a primary current signal resulting from the constant voltage potential;
applying a probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor, the probing potential modulation sequence comprising a plurality of voltage steps, the plurality of voltage steps each comprising a change in voltage from the constant voltage potential;
determining a plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the probing potential modulation sequence;
determining a prediction equation based at least on probing potential modulation current signals determined during at least two voltage steps of the plurality of voltage steps;
determining an analyte value based at least in part on the primary current signal, the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals, and the prediction equation; and
transmitting the analyte value to the user interface.
24. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , comprising:
a wearable sensor portion comprising the sensor and a wireless transmitter; and
a portable user device portion comprising the user interface and a wireless receiver,
wherein transmitting the analyte value to the user interface comprises wirelessly transmitting the analyte value from the wireless transmitter to the wireless receiver.
25. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , comprising:
a wearable sensor portion comprising the sensor and a wireless transmitter; and
a portable user device portion comprising the user interface and a wireless receiver,
wherein transmitting the analyte value to the user interface comprises wirelessly transmitting the primary current signal and the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals from the wearable sensor portion to the portable user device portion,
wherein the analyte value is determined via the portable user device portion.
26. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein applying the probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor, and determining the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals comprises:
applying an initial probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor during an initial probing period, and determining an initial plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the initial probing potential modulation sequence; and
periodically applying an intermediate probing potential modulation sequence to the sensor during respective ones of a plurality of intermediate probing periods, and for respective ones of the plurality of intermediate probing periods, determining an intermediate plurality of probing potential modulation current signals resulting from the intermediate probing potential modulation sequence.
27. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein the operations comprise:
determining a plurality of current decay constants and determining the analyte value based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants,
wherein respective ones of the plurality of current decay constants comprise a ratio of a first one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals to a second one of the plurality of probing potential modulation current signals.
28. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 27 , wherein the operations comprise:
modifying a calibration of the continuous analyte monitoring device based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants.
29. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 28 , wherein the plurality of current decay constants comprise:
a first current decay constant determined during an initial probing period occurring within 30 minutes of inserting the sensor subcutaneously into a subject; and
a second current decay constant determined during an intermediate probing period occurring after a rest period, the rest period temporally separating the initial probing period from the intermediate probing period.
30. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 28 , wherein modifying the calibration of the continuous analyte monitoring device comprises compensating for at least one of the following based at least in part on the plurality of current decay constants:
a difference in sensitivity relative to a center sensitivity, a change in sensitivity over time, a variation attributable to an interference species, and a warmup period of the sensor.
31. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein the sensor comprises a working electrode having a chemical composition selected to oxidize an analyte.
32. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 31 , wherein the analyte comprises at least one of: glucose, cholesterol, lactate, uric acid, or alcohol.
33. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 31 , wherein the analyte is within human interstitial fluid.
34. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein the continuous analyte monitoring device has a warmup time of less than 30 minutes.
35. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein the at least two voltage steps used to determine the prediction equation differ from one another in respect of magnitude.
36. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein the at least two voltage steps used to determine the prediction equation differ from one another in respect of duration.
37. The continuous analyte monitoring device of claim 23 , wherein multiple probing potential modulation current signals are determined during each of the at least two voltage steps used to determine the prediction equation.