Preventing or reducing plant growth by biocementation

1. A method for preventing or reducing plant growth comprising:

(a) identifying a substrate in need of reduced plant growth,

wherein the substrate is an area of land selected from a garden area, a joint area of terraces or entrances and exits, an arable area, an orchard, a vineyard area, a tree nursery area, a park, a part of a developed land or urban area, a road, a street, a footpath, a railway line, an industrially used area, and agricultural land;

(b) providing a mixture capable of biocementation,

wherein the mixture is free of cement and comprises:

(i) one or more organisms and/or enzymes capable of forming carbonate and/or of inducing and/or catalyzing carbonate formation;

(ii) one or more substances for the formation of carbonate;

(iii) optionally, one or more cation sources; and

(iv) one or more additives selected from (bio-)polymers, monomers of (bio-)polymers, hydrogel formers, cold soluble and/or warm soluble (plant) glues, polysaccharides and extracellular polymeric substances, monomers of polysaccharides, protein sources, nutrients, silicates and derivatives thereof, water glass-like binders, cement additives, hydrophobicizers, emulsifiers, binders, and bacteria capable of forming polymers; and

(c) applying and/or introducing the mixture onto/into the substrate in an amount sufficient to enable biocementation,

wherein the substrate is not removed from the place where it is identified in (a) prior to applying and/or introducing the mixture onto/into the substrate; and

(d) forming a biocement layer so that plant growth on/in the substrate is prevented or reduced.

2. A method for preventing or reducing plant growth comprising:

(a) identifying a substrate in need of reduced plant growth, wherein the substrate is selected from sand, soil, humus, crushed stone, gravel, clay, silt, sawdust, paper, cardboard, chipboard, softwood, limestone, coal, and mixtures thereof;

(b) providing a mixture capable of biocementation,

wherein the mixture is free of cement and comprises:

(i) one or more organisms and/or enzymes capable of forming carbonate and/or of inducing and/or catalyzing carbonate formation;

(ii) one or more substances for the formation of carbonate;

(iii) optionally, one or more cation sources; and

(iv) one or more additives selected from (bio-)polymers, monomers of (bio-)polymers, hydrogel formers, cold soluble and/or warm soluble (plant) glues, polysaccharides and extracellular polymeric substances, monomers of polysaccharides, protein sources, nutrients, silicates and derivatives thereof, water glass-like binders, cement additives, hydrophobicizers, emulsifiers, binders, and bacteria capable of forming polymers; and

(c) applying and/or introducing the mixture onto/into the substrate in an amount sufficient to enable biocementation,

wherein the substrate is not removed from the place where it is identified in (a) prior to applying and/or introducing the mixture onto/into the substrate; and

(d) forming a biocement layer so that plant growth on/in the substrate is prevented or reduced.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of dicotyls of the genera: Abutilon, Aegopodium, Aethusa, Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Anachusa, Anagallis, Anoda, Anthemis, Aphanes, Arabidopsis, Atriplex, Barbarea, Bellis, Bidens, Bunias, Capsella, Carduus, Cassia, Centaurea, Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Conium, Conyza, Consolida, Convolvulus, Datura, Descurainia, Desmodium, Emex, Equisetum, Erigeron, Erodium, Erysimum, Euphorbia, Fumaria, Galeopsis, Galinsoga, Galium, Geranium, Heracleum, Hibiscus, Ipomoea, Kochia, Lamium, Lapsana, Lathyrus, Lepidium, Lithoserpermum, Linaria, Lindernia, Lycopsis, Malva, Matricaria, Mentha, Mercurialis, Mullugo, Myosotis, Papaver, Pharbitis, Plantago, Polygonum, Portulaca, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Rorippa, Rotala, Rumex, Salsola, Senecio, Sesbania, Sida, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Sonchus, Sphenoclea, Stachys, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Tussaligo, Urtica, Veronica, Viola, Xanthium ; dicotyls of the genera: Arachis, Beta, Brassica, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Helianthus, Daucus, Glycine, Gossypium, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Linum, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Vicia ; monocotyls of the genera: Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Commelina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactyloctenium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleocharis, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Eriochloa, Festuca, Fimbristylis, Heteranthera, Imperata, Ischaemum, Juncus, Leptochloa, Lolium, Monochoria, Panicum, Paspalum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sagittaria, Scirpus, Setaria, Sorghum ; and monocotyls of the genera: Allium, Ananas, Asparagus, Avena, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, Saccharum, Secale, Sorghum, Triticale, Triticum, Zea ; mosses of the lineages liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and mixtures thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture is present in liquid form, as a gel, paste or powder.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises one or more enzymes.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises one or more microorganisms.

7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from microorganisms of the phylum of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and a mixture thereof.

8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the class of Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and a mixture thereof.

9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the order of Bacillales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Synechococcales, and a mixture thereof.

10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the families of Planococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Myxococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Micrococcineae, Synechococcaceae, and a mixture thereof.

11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the genera of Sporosarcina, Lysinibacillus, Bacillus, Proteus, Myxococcus, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Brevibacterium , Micrococcaceae, Synechococcus , and a mixture thereof.

12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the species of Sporosarcina pasteurii, Sporosarcina ureae, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Bacillus megaterium, Lysinibacillus sp., Bacillus pseudofirmus, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus cohnii, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Myxococcus xanthus, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brevundimonas diminuta, Brevibacterium linens, Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, Synechococcus , and a mixture thereof.

13. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the mixture comprises one or more enzymes selected from urease, asparaginase, carbonic anhydrase, metabolic enzymes, and a mixture thereof.

14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more substances for the formation of carbonate are selected from urea and salts thereof, organic acids, peptides, amino acids, vegetable and animal complex substrates, industrial waste streams, protein lysates, anaerobic substrates, and a mixture thereof.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises one or more cation sources selected from calcium salts, magnesium salts, manganese salts, zinc salts, cobalt salts, nickel salts, copper salts, lead salts, iron salts, cadmium salts, polymers, heavy metal cations, light metal cations, radioactive cations, and mixtures thereof.

16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more additives of (iv) is a (bio-)polymer selected from polyhydroxybutyrate, polylactide, polybutylene succinate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylate, poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), polystyrene, polyamide, copolymers, polyamino acids, cellulose and derivatives thereof, starch and derivatives thereof, lignins and derivatives thereof, pectins and derivatives thereof, natural adhesives, chitin and derivatives thereof, chitosan and derivatives thereof, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, and dextrins and derivatives thereof.

17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more additives of (iv) is a hydrogel former selected from xanthan gum, alginates, and agar agars.

18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more additives of (iv) is an extracellular polymeric substance chosen from microbial exopolysaccharides.

19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more additives of (iv) is a polysaccharide or extracellular polymeric substance comprising one or more of acetic acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and inulin.

20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more additives of (iv) is a monomer of polysaccharides selected from lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and inulin.