Refractory high entropy alloy compact heat exchanger
Several innovative technologies, including pressure-drop minimization, advanced refractory high entropy alloys, and advanced manufacturing can provide a compact heat exchanger that extends the state-of-the-art heat-exchanger operating range. The compact heat exchanger can reduce pressure drop losses by 100 to 500%, while retaining most of the heat transfer. The compact heat exchanger can be fabricated from refractory high entropy alloys that have favorable corrosion, thermal fatigue, and creep properties at high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, the compact heat exchanger using high entropy alloys can operate at >800° C. and 80 bars.
1. A compact heat exchanger, comprising a plurality of flow channels constructed of a refractory high entropy alloy, wherein a hydraulic diameter of the flow channels is between 2 and 3 mm and the flow of working fluid in the flow channels has a Reynolds Number between 2,200 and 4,000 to minimize pressure drop while maintaining turbulent mixing for heat transfer, and wherein the refractory high entropy alloy comprises at least four of the refractory metals Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W and wherein each of the at least four refractory metals are of between 5 and 35 at. % concentration.
2. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the refractory high entropy alloy comprises HfNbTaTiV.
3. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the refractory high entropy alloy comprises MoNbTaVW or HfNbTaTiZr.
4. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the refractory high entropy alloy comprises WTaTiVCr or MoNbHfZrTi.
5. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the refractory high entropy alloy is compositionally graded to have corrosion-resistant metals near an exposed surface.
6. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the pressure drop in the flow channels is less than 1.5%.
7. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the compact heat exchanger comprises an array of flow channels with cross- or counter-current flow.
8. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein the compact heat exchanger operates at a temperature of greater than 800° C. and pressure of greater than 80 bars.
9. The compact heat exchanger of claim 1 , wherein a working fluid comprises supercritical carbon dioxide.