Methods of additively manufacturing a structure
A method of forming one or more structures by additive manufacturing comprises introducing a first layer of a powder mixture comprising graphite and a fuel on a surface of a substrate. The first layer is at least partially compacted and then exposed to laser radiation to form a first layer of material comprising the fuel dispersed within a graphite matrix material. At least a second layer of the powder mixture is provided over the first layer of material and exposed to laser radiation to form inter-granular bonds between the second layer and the first layer. Related structures and methods of forming one or more structures are also disclosed.
1. A method of additively manufacturing a structure, the method comprising:
disposing a first layer of a powder onto a surface of a substrate, the powder comprising a nuclear fuel material coated in graphite;
compacting the first layer of the powder on the surface of the substrate;
exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a first layer of a structure comprising inter-granular bonds between particles of the powder;
disposing a second layer of another powder on the first layer of the structure; and
exposing the second layer of the another powder to defocused laser radiation to form a second layer of the structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the powder and the another powder to comprise a different material.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising selecting the powder to comprise one of a metal and a ceramic material and selecting the another powder to comprise the other of the metal and the ceramic material.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the powder and the another powder to comprise graphite.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the powder and the another powder to comprise a uranium-containing material.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation having a spot size between about 1 mm and about 10 mm.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a third layer of a powder over the second layer of the structure, the third layer of the powder having a same composition as the first layer of the powder.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a first layer of a structure comprises forming the first layer of the structure to exhibit a graphite to total carbon ratio equal to about 1.0:1.0.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a first layer of a structure comprises forming the first layer of the structure to comprise at least one of uranium dioxide, uranium silicide, or uranium carbide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a first layer of a structure comprises forming the first layer of the structure to comprise a carbon to uranium ratio between about 700:1 and about 10,000:1.
11. A method of additively manufacturing a structure, the method comprising:
introducing a first layer of a powder on a surface of a substrate;
exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a first layer of a structure comprising particles of the powder exhibiting inter-granular bonds between adjacent particles without melting the powder;
introducing a second layer of the powder on the first layer of the structure; and
exposing the second layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to form a second layer of the structure.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein introducing a first layer of a powder on a surface of a substrate comprises introducing a nuclear fuel material on the surface of the substrate.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation having a spot size between about 200% and about 2,000% of a spot size of focused laser radiation.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer to laser radiation having a power between about 5 W and about 60 W.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation to heat the first layer of the powder to a temperature less than about 1,000° C.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder to laser radiation having a spot size between about 1.0 mm and about 5.0 mm.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation having a beam divergence between about 5 milliradians and about 100 milliradians.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder to defocused laser radiation comprises introducing a first layer of the powder comprising particles of a fuel material coated with another material on the surface of the substrate.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein introducing a first layer of a powder on a surface of a substrate comprises introducing the first layer of the powder from a nozzle, the nozzle coaxial with a laser configured to provide the defocused laser radiation.