Developer carrying member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

1. A developer carrying member comprising a base member and a surface layer,

wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and

the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and includes a tertiary amine structure.

2. The developer carrying member according to claim 1 , wherein the urethane resin has a moiety represented by Structural formula (1):

[in Structural formula (1), R1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, n is an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less; when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R1 are each independently defined as above,

when n is 0, symbols “*1”, “*2”, and “*3” each independently represent a bonding point for a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a bonding point for a polymer chain of the urethane resin,

when n is 1 or more and 4 or less, symbols “*1”, “*2”, “*3”, and “*4” each independently represent a bonding point for a hydrogen atom, a bonding point for a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a bonding point for the polymer chain of the urethane resin; when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of “*4” are each independently defined as above,

provided that, when n is 1, “*1”, “*2”, “*3”, and “*4” are all bonding points for the polymer chain of the urethane resin, and

when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, at least four selected from “*1”, “*2”, “*3”, and a plurality of “*4” are bonding points for the polymer chain of the urethane resin].

3. The developer carrying member according to claim 1 , further comprising an elastic layer between the base member and the surface layer.

4. The developer carrying member according to claim 1 , wherein, in the urethane resin, a concentration of the carbonate bond is 14.0 mass % or more and 23.0 mass % or less, and, in the urethane resin, a concentration of a nitrogen atom of tertiary amine is 1.0 mass % or more and 3.0 mass % or less.

5. The developer carrying member according to claim 1 , wherein the urethane resin includes a structure represented by Structural formula (4) below and including a carbonate bond:

[in Structural formula (4), R31 is a linear or branched alkylene group having 3 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms or an alkylene group having 4 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms and including a cyclic hydrocarbon structure having 4 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms].

6. The developer carrying member according to claim 1 , wherein the urethane resin has, between two adjacent urethane bonds, a structure represented by Structural formula (5):

[in Structural formula (5), R41 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 3 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 4 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms and including a cyclic hydrocarbon structure having 4 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, R42 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 3 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms,

p is an integer of 1 or more, k is an integer of 1 or more; when p and k are 2 or more, a plurality of R41 and a plurality of R42 are each independently defined as above].

7. The developer carrying member according to claim 6 , wherein p and k in Structural formula (5) above satisfy a relation represented by Formula (I) below:

1.4≤ p/k≤ 1.8   Formula (I).

8. A developer carrying member comprising a base member, an elastic layer on the base member, and a surface layer on the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin,

the urethane resin has a carbonate bond in a molecule thereof, and has a moiety derived from a reaction between a compound represented by Structural formula (2) below and polyisocyanate:

[In Structural formula (2), R15 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, n is an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less; when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R15 are each independently defined as above,

when n is 0, R11 to R13 are each independently selected from (a2), (b), (c), and (d) below,

R11 to R14 in a case where n is 1 and R11 to R13 and a plurality of R14 in a case where n is 2 or more and 4 or less are each independently selected from (a1), (a2), (b), (c), and (d) below,

provided that, when n is 1, R11 to R14 are each selected from (b) to (d) below,

when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, at least four of R11 to R13 and two to four R14 are selected from (b) to (d) below:

(a1) a hydrogen atom

(a2) a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

(b) a linear or branched hydroxyalkyl group having 1 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms;

(c) a linear or branched aminoalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms; and

(d) a group represented by Structural formula (3) below:

[in Structural formula (3), m is 2 or 3, and a plurality of R21 each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms]].

9. The developer carrying member according to claim 8 , wherein the compound represented by Structural formula (2) above is a compound represented by Structural formula (6) below:

[in Structural formula (6), R55 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, q is an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less; when q is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R55 are each independently defined as above; R51 to R54 each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms; when q is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R54 are each independently defined as above].

10. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attached to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge at least comprising:

a toner container including toner, and a developer carrying member conveying the toner, wherein the developer carrying member comprises a base member and a surface layer,

wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and

the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and includes a tertiary amine structure.

11. An electrophotographic apparatus at least comprising:

an electrophotographic photoconductor;

a charging member disposed so as to be configured to charge the electrophotographic photoconductor; and

a developer carrying member supplying toner to the electrophotographic photoconductor,

wherein the developer carrying member comprises a base member and a surface layer,

wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and

the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and includes a tertiary amine structure.

12. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the developer carrying member is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photoconductor.

13. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the developer carrying member further comprises an elastic layer between the base member and the surface layer.