Using PH and SMO2 from a spectral sensor as an indication of subject down time
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to the use of spectral sensors during a cardiac arrest event. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the use of spectral sensors for measuring changes in pH and muscle oxygen saturation to estimate subject down time and evaluating the effectiveness of the clinical treatment administered during a cardiac arrest event. Given the narrow window of time in which emergency treatment must be administered, as well as the lack of information concerning the subject's condition, there is a need for a fast and accurate method of estimating the onset of the cardiac arrest emergency and evaluating the effectiveness of the emergency treatment being administered.
1. A patient monitoring system for assisting treatment of a patient experiencing a cardiac arrest event, the patient monitoring system comprising:
an external defibrillator configured to administer defibrillation therapy on the patient;
a spectral sensor assembly comprising at least one of a muscle oxygen saturation sensor, a pH sensor, a blood hematocrit sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, or a pulse oximetry sensor, wherein the spectral sensor assembly is configured to be placed on a skin of the patient and configured to obtain spectroscopic data concerning the patient's blood oxygenation continuously during a period of time;
a display for presenting physiological information regarding the patient; and
at least one processor communicably coupled to the spectral sensor assembly and the display, wherein the at least one processor is configured to:
obtain the spectroscopic data using the spectral sensor assembly,
process the spectroscopic data to determine tissue oxygen saturation of the patient,
compare the determined tissue oxygen saturation of the patient to a mathematical model, wherein the mathematical model represents a plurality of tissue oxygen saturation measurements obtained from a group of subjects having similar demographics and similar physiological characteristics as the patient,
determine, based on the comparison between the determined tissue oxygen saturation of the patient to the mathematical model representing the plurality of tissue oxygen saturation measurements obtained from the group of subjects having similar demographics and similar physiological characteristics as the patient, that the patient experienced the cardiac arrest event at a first time,
determine an elapsed time since the first time,
provide, using the display, an indication of the elapsed time to a user,
determine, based on the elapsed time, whether to (i) administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, or (ii) administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy,
present, using the display, an indication whether to (i) administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, or (ii) administer CPR on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy,
responsive to determining to administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, cause the external defibrillator to administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient;
determine, based on the spectroscopic data, an effectiveness of a treatment of the patient during the period of time, and
present, using the display, an indication the effectiveness of the treatment of the patient during the period of time, including at least one of (i) an indication to continue administering CPR to the patient or (ii) an indication to discontinue administering CPR to the patient and administer an alternative treatment to the patient.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a phase of cardiac arrest.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the phase of cardiac arrest is determined based on a comparison of at least one of muscle oxygen saturation or tissue pH to a respective threshold value.
4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the phase of cardiac arrest is determined based on the elapsed time.
5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the phase of cardiac arrest comprises a circulatory phase, an electrical phase, or a metabolic phase.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein when the phase of cardiac arrest is determined to be the circulatory phase, the indication comprises guidance for administering:
the CPR, or
the CPR and a dosage of epinephrine.
7. The system of claim 5 , wherein when the phase of cardiac arrest is determined to be the electrical phase, the indication comprises guidance for administering the defibrillation.
8. The system of claim 5 , wherein when the phase of cardiac arrest is determined to be the metabolic phase, the indication comprises guidance for administering cooling therapy prior to administrating reperfusion therapy.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to, as the CPR is administered, take multiple measurements of tissue oxygen saturation to track the tissue oxygen saturation over time.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the display to show the tissue oxygen saturation over time.
11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to, as the CPR is administered, determine a responsiveness of the patient.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein, if the patient is determined to be responsive, cause the display to show guidance to continue to administer the CPR.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein, if the patient is determined to not be responsive, causing the display to show guidance to provide an alternative treatment to the CPR.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the alternative treatment comprises a pharmacological intervention.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the determination whether to (i) administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, or (ii) administer CPR on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy is made based on whether the elapsed time is greater or less than a threshold period of time.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the threshold period of time comprises approximately four to ten minutes.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the determination whether to (i) administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, or (ii) administer CPR on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy is made comprises:
determining that the elapsed time is greater than the threshold period of time, and
responsive to determining that the elapsed time is greater than the threshold period of time, determining to administer CPR on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy.
18. The system of claim 15 , wherein determining whether to (i) administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator, or (ii) administer CPR on the patient without administering the defibrillation therapy comprises:
determining that the elapsed time is less than the threshold period of time, and
responsive to determining that the elapsed time is less than the threshold period of time, determining to administer the defibrillation therapy on the patient using the external defibrillator.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the elapsed time is determined further based on information about the patient other than the spectroscopic data.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein the information about the patient comprises at least one of: a plurality of physiological measurements taken of the patient or a predisposition to one or more disease states.
21. The system of claim 1 , wherein the determined tissue oxygen saturation comprises muscle oxygen saturation.
22. The system of claim 1 , comprising an ECG monitor.
23. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine whether a cardiac rhythm of the patient is shockable.
24. The system of claim 1 , wherein the spectral sensor assembly comprises two or more long-distance radiation sources, one or more short-distance radiation sources, and a spectral detector.
25. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cardiac arrest event comprises ventricular fibrillation.
26. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
processing the spectroscopic data to determine a tissue pH of the patient, and
wherein the elapsed time is determined further based on an equation representing the elapsed time and having the tissue pH as an input.
27. The system of claim 1 , wherein the physiological characteristics comprise at least one of a predisposition to atherosclerosis or high blood pressure.